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  3. (1) We hear more and more that organizations must have a "purpose." Purpose is on the agenda of the World Economic Forum in Davo

(1) We hear more and more that organizations must have a "purpose." Purpose is on the agenda of the World Economic Forum in Davo

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问题     (1) We hear more and more that organizations must have a "purpose." Purpose is on the agenda of the World Economic Forum in Davos, and discussed by celebrity CEOs like Richard Branson of Virgin Group, who has said, "It’s always been my objective to create businesses with a defined purpose beyond just making money." Oxford University and Ernst and Young found that public dialog on purpose has increased five-fold between 1995 and 2016.
    (2) But is all this talk about purpose actually delivering business results? Most companies have mission and vision statements, but those tend to communicate very little about a company’s purpose. They all use the same words, such as "respect, " "teamwork, " and "innovation." But many, perhaps most, of the same organizations lack those characteristics. A recent study found that corporate jargon (术语) about values has absolutely no relationship with firm performance.
    (3) In a new research paper we tried to determine if all the resources companies are putting toward at least the appearance of purpose are working. We constructed a measure of corporate purpose within a sample of 429 U.S. companies, based on more than 450000 survey responses of worker perceptions about their employers. Our evidence comes from a proprietary survey from the Great Place To Work (GPTW) Institute that covers employees across all hierarchical levels within hundreds of organizations that rate their employers in terms of a wide variety of organizational workplace variables.
    (4) The primary benefit of this dataset (数据集) is that it allows us to construct measures across a diverse set of companies based on actual employee beliefs about their employer. A subset of the survey asks employees to agree or disagree with statements like: "My work has special meaning: this is not just a job"; "I feel good about the ways we contribute to the community"; "When I look at what we accomplish, I feel a sense of pride"; and "I’m proud to tell others I work here."
    (5) Notice that these questions do not ask exactly what that purpose is, whether it is to save the environment, advance human health, push the technological frontier, or provide cheap and efficient energy for all. The actual purpose of the company can differ wildly across companies. All that matters for our purposes is that it focuses employees on a goal beyond profit-maximization and resonates (共鸣) in a meaningful and personal way within the company.
    (6) The Great Places to Work survey also gives us the opportunity to measure other employee beliefs about their employer (e. g. fairness, management quality) and connect them both to purpose and financial performance. Even more interestingly, the survey allows us to measure these beliefs at various job levels, from executives down to hourly workers, and report how beliefs differ by job levels and how those differences relate to performance.
    (7) So what did we find?
    (8) Interestingly, in our initial analysis, we found that our measures of purpose weren’t correlated with firm financial performance in either direction.
    (9) We then performed what is called a "factor analysis" on the survey responses. This analysis lets us see how purpose interacts with other attributes (属性) in the data. From this analysis, we identify two types of companies with purpose. The first type, high Purpose-Camaraderie organizations, includes companies that score high on purpose and also on dimensions of workplace camaraderie (e.g. "This is a fun place to work"; "We are all in this together"; "There is a family or team feeling here"). The second type includes high Purpose-Clarity organizations that score high on purpose but also on dimensions of management clarity (e. g. "Management makes its expectations clear"; "Management has a clear view of where the organization is going and how to get there").
    (10) When we replaced our initial measure of purpose with these measures capturing the two types of purpose organizations, we found that only the high Purpose-Clarity organizations exhibit superior accounting and stock market performance.
    (11) We also found that middle managers and professional workers seem to be the key players in driving this relationship, not hourly workers and not top executives. This last finding underscores the absolute importance of fostering an effective middle manager layer within firms: managers who buy into the vision of the company and can make daily decisions that guide the firm in the right direction.
    (12) Ultimately, our study suggests that purpose does, in fact, matter. But it only matters if it is implemented in conjunction with clear, concise direction from top management and in such a way that the middle layer within the firm is fully bought in. (本文选自 Harvard Business Review)
What does "the same organizations" in Para. 2 refer to?
选项 A、Companies that lack characteristics.
B、Companies that have mission and vision statements but don’t communicate their purposes.
C、Companies that use the same words, such as "respect", "teamwork", and "innovation".
D、Companies that lack purposes.
答案B
解析 语义题。原文第二段第二、三句提到，很多企业都有使命和愿景宣言，但是这些企业往往很少交流它们的宗旨；它们都使用同样的字眼，比如：“尊重”“团队合作”和“创新”。然后指出。the same organizations中的许多，或许是大多数，都缺乏这些特征。上文只提到一种公司，就是有使命和愿景宣言但没有交流公司的宗旨的公司，故答案为B。该段第四句提到，这些公司中的大多数都缺乏这些特征，但不能据此推断这些公司没有其他任何特征，故排除A；原文的意思是这些公司都用各式各样空洞的词语做宣传，但并不是说这些公司用的词语都是一样的，故排除C；原文指的是这些公司没有把宗旨体现出来，不能由此断定这些公司没有宗旨，故排除D。
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