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  3. In developing a model of cognition, we must recognize that perception of the external world does not always remain independent o

In developing a model of cognition, we must recognize that perception of the external world does not always remain independent o

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问题     In developing a model of cognition, we must recognize that perception of the external world does not always remain independent of motivation. While progress toward maturity is positively correlated with differentiation between motivation and cognition, tension will, even in the mature adult, militate towards a narrowing of the range of perception and in the lessening of the objectivity of perception.
    Cognition can be seen as the first step in the sequence of events leading from the external stimulus to the behavior of the individual. The child develops from belief that all things are an extension of its own body to the recognition that objects exist independent of his perception. He begins to demonstrate awareness of people and things which are removed from his sensory apparatus and initiates goal directed behaviors. He may, however, refuse to recognize the existence of barriers to the attainment of his goals, despite the fact that his cognition of these objects has been previously demonstrated.
    In the primitive being, goal-directed behavior can be very simply motivated. The presence of an attractive object will cause an infant to reach for it; its removal will result in the cessation of that action. Studies have shown no evidence of the infant’s frustration; rather, it appears that the infant ceases to desire the object when he cannot see it. Further indications are that the infant’s attention to the attractive object increases as a result of its not being in his grasp. In fact, if he holds a toy and another is presented, he is likely to drop the first in order to clutch the second. Often, once he has the one desired in his hands, he loses attention and turns to something else.
    In adult life, mere cognition can be similarly motivational, although the visible presence of the opportunity is not required as the instigator of response. The mature adult modifies his reaction by obtaining information, interpreting it, and examining consequences. He formulates a hypothesis and attempts to test it. He searches out implicit relationships, examines all factors, and differentiates among them. Just as the trained artist can separate the values of colour, composition, and technique , while taking in and evaluating the whole work, so, too, the mature person brings his cognitive learning strengths to bear in appraising a situation.
    Understanding that cognition is separate from action, his reactions are only minimally guided from conditioning, and take into consideration anticipatable events.
    The impact of the socialization process, particularly which of parental and social group ideology , may reduce cognitively directed behavior. The tension thus produced, as for instance the stress of fear, anger, or extreme emotion, will often be the overriding influence.
    The evolutionary process of development from body schema through to cognitive learning is similarly manifested in the process of language acquisition. Auditing and speaking develop first, reading and writing much later on. Not only is this evident in the development of the individual human being from infancy on, but also in the development of language for humankind.
    Every normal infant has the physiological equipment necessary to produce sound, but the child must first master their use for sucking, biting, and chewing before he can control his equipment for use in producing the sounds of language. The babble and chatter of the infant are precursors to intelligible vocal communication.
    From the earliest times, it is clear that language and human thought have been intimately connected. Sending or receiving messages, from primitive warnings of danger to explaining creative or reflective thinking, this aspect of cognitive development is also firmly linked to the needs and aspirations of society.
The passage implies that______.
选项 A、speech is acquired through direct teaching
B、the infant should be taught not to babble
C、infants who do not chatter will never learn to speak
D、infants are born with the ability to speak but the ability to do so depends upon development of physical functions through non-verbal activities
答案D
解析 倒数第二段提到，正常婴儿都有发出声音的身体器官(physiological equipment)，但是在掌握语言之前需要学会一系列与语言无关的活动，如sucking，biting，and chewing等。也就是说，婴儿天生就有说话的能力，但是这一能力依存于其他非语言的活动。D项正确，因此选D项。C项过于绝对，与原文不符，排除。
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