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  3. [A] So next time your child counts using her fingers, or you see your employees spreading out information over their desks and

[A] So next time your child counts using her fingers, or you see your employees spreading out information over their desks and

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问题     [A]  So next time your child counts using her fingers, or you see your employees spreading out information over their desks and walls, be reassured: they are not limited in their capacity to think well, nor are they handicapping their ability to do so. In fact, they are enhancing their ability to think. Your mind does not think like a computer, but it thinks with the objects (including computers) and people around you. And our capacity to think and reason well, at any given moment, depends as much on our cognitive abilities as it does on the richness—or paucity—of material things which sup-port our thinking and decision-making.
    [B]  Our ability to think and reason has been trained and tested in real world situations that restrict our ability to use our hands. For example, at school, children quickly learn to count "in their heads’ without using their fingers as props. The implicit assumption that underpins the practice is that truly intelligent behavior originates from the inner parts of the brain, and the brain alone. Recent research strongly challenges this assumption, showing instead that people’s thoughts, choices and insights can be transformed by physical interaction with things. In other words, thinking with your brain alone— like a computer does—is not equivalent to thinking with your brain, your eyes, and your hands—as humans frequently do. Consider a game of Scrabble: players naturally touch, move and re-arrange the tiles they receive. If thinking were simply done "in the head", what’s the purpose of these moves?
    [C]  To put this to the test, researchers design thinking tasks under laboratory conditions during which people can physically interact with the properties of the problem. Interactivity inevitably benefits performance. In part this is because changes in the physical environment make it easier for people to remember what information they are considering. But also dynamically changing the problem’s configuration prompts new possibilities for action, or unveils new ways of solving problems. People are more creative and more efficient when solving problems with their hands: thinking is an embodied activity embedded in a physical environment.
    [D]  They also applied this approach to the study of complex statistical reasoning. Previous research had found that, depending on the ease of mentally representing the statistical information presented, between 11 percent and 40 percent of people succeeded in solving these reasoning problems using just pen and paper.
    [E]   In fact, these moves are integral to the process of generating words. As players reconfigure the physical properties of their environment, they are not simply making it easier for them to think; they are thinking. Moves can be deliberate or serendipitous. This suggests that thinking is fundamentally relational: it unfolds along a series of physical changes in the environment that at times affects, and at times is affected by, a series of biological changes in the brain.
    [F]   Researchers recently applied this approach to a study of creativity and insight. While posing a problem presented with a classic pencil and paper fonnat never led to a breakthrough, those who could use physical artefacts to build a model of the problem were much more likely to reach some insight, no matter the difference between the participants’ cognitive abilities.
    [G]  They presented the same information on a pack of cards that reasoners were free to spread out and rearrange in any way they preferred. Not all participants fully engaged with the cards—perhaps unwilling to be judged as poor thinkers for doing so. Yet, the success rate for those who made the most of this opportunity to use the material world to boost their thinking leapt to 75 percent.
    【D16】→【D17】→【D18】→【D19】→D→【D20】→A
【D17】
选项
答案E
解析 B末尾讲到玩拼字游戏的人会不断移动字母片的位置，并通过设问来引发读者对移动字母片这种举动(these moves)的作用的思考，下文应为对该问题的分析和解答。E首句的these moves跟B末尾提问的举动相对应，E即对这个设问的解答．两段语义衔接紧密。C首句的put…to the test意为“验证……”，通常要验证的是某事是否正确或真实，即this应指代一件事情、一个现象或一个观点，这与B末尾的内容不符，两段无法衔接，故排除C。F首句的this approach在B中也找不到所指。从G的内容判断，首句的They并非指玩拼字游戏的players；另外该句的the same information在B中也找不到其指代的具体内容，可排除G。故最终确定本题答案为E。
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