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Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards,from【C1】______praise to cold cash,affect motivation and creativity.
Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards,from【C1】______praise to cold cash,affect motivation and creativity.
admin
2011-01-02
22
问题
Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards,from【C1】______praise to cold cash,affect motivation and creativity.Behaviorists,【C2】______research the relation【C3】______actions and their consequences argue that rewards Can improve performance at work and school.Cognitive researchers,who study various aspects of mental life,maintain【C4】______rewards often destroy creativity【C5】______encouraging dependence【C6】______approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters,especially【C7】______educators.But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks【C8】______in grade-school children,suggesting【C9】______properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness,【C10】______to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
“If kids know they’re working for a【C11】______and can focus【C12】______a relatively challenging task,they show the most creativity”,says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark.“But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for【C13】______performance or creating too【C14】______anticipation for rewards.”
A teacher【C15】______continually draws attention to rewards or who hands【C16】______high grades for ordinary achievement ends up【C17】______discouraged students,Eisenberger holds.【C18】______an example of the latter point,he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing【C19】______
In earlier grades,the use of so-called token economies,in【C20】______students handle challenging problem sand receive performance-based points toward valued rewards,shows promise in raising effort and creativity,the Delaware psychologist claims.
【C12】
选项
答案
on
解析
focus on意为“集中于”,为固定短语。
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