首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In place of the king, two chief executives were chosen annually by the whole body of citizens. These were known as praetors, or
In place of the king, two chief executives were chosen annually by the whole body of citizens. These were known as praetors, or
admin
2010-03-25
51
问题
In place of the king, two chief executives were chosen annually by the whole body of citizens. These were known as praetors, or leaders, but later received the title of consuls. The participation of a colleague in the exercise of supreme power and the limitation of the tenure to one year prevented the chief magistrate from becoming autocratic. The character of the Senate was altered by the enrollment of plebeian members, known as conscripti, and hence the official designation of the senators thereafter was patres conscripti (conscript fathers). As yet, only patricians were eligible for the magistracies, and the discontent of the plebs led to a violent struggle between the two orders and the gradual removal of the social and political disabilities under which the plebs had labored.
In 494 BC a secession of plebeian soldiers led to the institution of the tribuni plebis, who were elected annually as protectors of the plebs; they had the power to veto the acts of patrician magistrates, and thus served as the leaders of the plebs in the struggles with the patricians. The appointment of the decemvirate, a commission of ten men, in 451 BC resulted in the drawing up of a famous code of laws. In 445 BC, under the Canuleian law, marriages between patricians and members of the plebs were declared legally valid. By the Licinian-Sextian laws, passed in 367 BC, it was provided that one of the two consuls should thenceforth be plebeian. The other magistracies were gradually opened to the plebs: in 356 BC the dictatorship, an extraordinary magistracy, the incumbent of which was appointed in times of great danger; in 350 BC, the censorship; in 337 BC, the praetorship; and in 300 BC, the pontifical and augural colleges.
These political changes gave rise to a new aristocracy, composed of patrician and wealthy plebeian families, and admission to the Senate became almost the hereditary privilege of these families. The Senate, which had originally possessed little administrative power, became a powerful governing body, dealing with matters of war and peace, foreign alliances, the founding of colonies, and the handling of the state finances. The rise of this new nobilitas brought to an end the struggles between the two orders, but the position of the poorer plebeian families was not improved, and the marked contrast between the conditions of the rich and the poor led to struggles in the later Republic between the aristocratic party and the popular party.
The external history of Rome during this period was chiefly military. Rome had acquired the leadership of Latium before the close of the regal period. Assisted by their allies, the Romans fought wars against the Etruscans, the Volscians, and the Aequians. The military policy of Rome became more aggressive in the 60 years between 449 and 390 BC. The defeat of the Romans at Allia and the capture and burning of Rome by the Gauls under the leadership of the chieftain Brennus in 390 BC were great disasters, but their effect was temporary. The capture of the Etruscan city of Veil in 396 BC by the soldier and statesman Marcus Furius Camillus spelled the beginning of the end for Etruscan independence. Other Etruscan cities hastened to make peace, and by the middle of the 4th century BC all southern Etruria was kept in check by Roman garrisons and denationalized by an influx of Roman colonists. Victories over the Volscians, the Latins, and the Hernicans gave the Romans control of central Italy and brought them into conflict with the Samnites of southern Italy, who were defeated in a series of three wars, extending from 343 to 290 BC. A revolt of the Latins and Volscians was put down, and in 338 BC the Latin League, a long-established confederation of the cities of Latium, was dissolved. A powerful coalition was at this time formed against Rome, consisting of Etruscans, Umbrians, and Gauls in the north, and of Lucanians, Bruttians, and Sanmites in the south; this coalition endangered the power of Rome, but the northern confederacy was defeated in 283 BC and the southern states soon after
The political changes led to ______.
选项
A、new governing components
B、a more powerful senate
C、the appearance of two different parties
D、all of the above
答案
D
解析
详见第3段。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/AhqO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
CertainphrasesonecommonlyhearsamongAmericanswhich(1)toindividualisminclude:"Doyourownthing.""Ididitmyway."
Asregardssocialconventions,wemustsayawordaboutthewell-knownEnglishclasssystem.Thisisanembarrassingsubjectfor
Thewaywecontactwitheachotherischanging;emailisboththecatalystandinstrumentofthattremendousandsurprisingchan
Mytopicfortoday’slectureis"Communication,CultureandWork".Whenmostpeopleusethewordculture,theythinkofpeoplef
Longbeforerecordedhistory,ourancestorswerebathingforpleasureandhealth.Manhasfoundmanyinterestingwaystotakehi
Weallhaveproblemsandbarriersthatblockourprogressorpreventusfrommovingintonewareas.Ourproblemsmightincludet
Afteradecades-longsearchforamanageablebalancebetweenmotherhoodandcareer,agroupofAmericanwomenhavefoundworkin
Itisestimatedthatapproximately350,000managersareneededinChina.WithChina’sentryintoWTO,thedemandforMBAgraduat
ThecaseofJanetTraceywhodiedinAddenbrooke’shospitalafterfamilyclaimsthata"donotresuscitate"orderwasputinher
Itisatimewornsignofoldageandfrailty.Yetarthritisoften【1】______theyoung.【1】______This
随机试题
采用热疗法促进炎症局限的机制是
红绛舌的形成机理主要有
患者,女,36岁。脘腹痞闷,嘈杂,饥不欲食,恶心嗳气,口燥咽干,大便秘结,舌红少苔,脉细数。临床当治以
服药方法,汤剂都宜
经城市规划行政主管部门批准的建设用地范围的界线,称为()。
下列关于供给的价格弹性的说法中,正确的是()。
大卫体格健壮,神态坚定,左手轻推肩上的投石带,在投入战斗前的瞬间,他侧首______左前方,目光如炬。《大卫》象征着为正义事业而奋斗的力量,雕塑家在他身上______了自己炽烈的爱国主义理想。填入划横线部分最恰当的一项是:
2009年10月6日,诺贝尔奖评审委员会宣布,因对光纤通讯研究有重大贡献,香港中文大学前任校长、“光纤之父”(),与美国科学家史密斯和博伊尔分享2009年的诺贝尔物理学奖。
假定你是李明。伦敦银行(BankofLondon)的Williams先生即将结束为期一周的访问,请你帮助他安排回程,并据此写张便条留在他房间。内容要点:1.适当寒暄;2.将送他去机场,明早8点前台等候;3.要送他
【B1】【B9】
最新回复
(
0
)