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  3. Research is commonly divided into "applied" and "pure". This classification is arbitrary and loose, but what is usually meant is

Research is commonly divided into "applied" and "pure". This classification is arbitrary and loose, but what is usually meant is

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问题     Research is commonly divided into "applied" and "pure". This classification is arbitrary and loose, but what is usually meant is that applied research is a deliberate investigation of a problem of practical importance, in contradistinction to pure research done to gain knowledge for its own sake. The pure scientist may be said to accept as an act of faith that any scientific knowledge is worth pursuing for its own sake, and, if pressed, he usually claims that in most instances it is eventually found to be useful. Most of the greatest discoveries, such as the discovery of electricity, X-rays, radium and atomic energy, originated from pure research, which allows the worker to follow unexpected, interesting clues without the intention of achieving results of practical value. In applied research it is the project which is given support, whereas in pure research it is the man. However, often the distinction between pure and applied research is a superficial one as it may merely depend on whether or not the subject investigated is one of practical irnl0ortance. For example, the investigation of the life cycle of a protozoon in a pond is pure research, but if the protozoon studied is a parasite of manor domestic animal the research would be termed applied. A more fundamental differentiation, which corresponds only very roughly with the applied and pure classification is (a) that in which the. objective is given and the means of obtaining it are sought, and (b) that in which the discovery is first made and then a use for it is sought.
    There exists in some circles a certain amount of intellectual snobbery and tendency to look contemptuously on applied investigation. This attitude is based on the following two false ideas: that new knowledge is only discovered by pure research while applied research merely seeks to apply knowledge already available, and that pure research is a higher intellectual activity because it requires greater scientific ability and is more difficult. Both these ideas are quite wrong. Important new knowledge has frequently arisen from applied investigation; for instance, the science of bacteriology originated largely from Pasteur’s investigations of practical problem in the beer, wine and silkworm industries. Usually it is more difficult to get results in applied research than in pure research, because the worker has to stick to and solve a given problem instead of following any promising clue that may turn up. Also in applied research most riel& have already been well worked over and marry of the easy and obvious things have been done. Applied research should not be confused with the routine practice of some branch of science where only the application of existing knowledge is attempted. There is need for both pure and applied research for they tend to be complementary.
选项 A、research workers follow unexpected, interesting clues.
B、scientists make a discovery first, and then try to use it.
C、it is the man rather than the project who is given support.
D、results of practical value are to be achieved.
答案D
解析 本题问普遍认为在应用研究中…。根据第一段第二至六句，可知人们普遍认为理论研究没有实用价值，而应用研究有实用价值，故"要实现的是具有实用价值的结果"所描述的性质是"applied research"所具有的特性。研究人员追踪出乎意料的感兴趣的线索；科学家先得到新发现，然后试图使用；是人而不是项目受到支持：此三项都是"pure research"的特点，与应用研究无关。由首段第四句中"...pure research，which allows the worker to follow unexpected，interesting clues..."可知是"pure research"的特点；由首段末句中"(b)that in which the discovery is first made and then a use for it is sought"可知也是"pure research"的特点(注意本句中(a)后的内容对应于应用研究，而(b)后的内容对应于理论研究)；由首段第五句中"it is the project which is given support，whereas in pure research it is the man"可知还是"pure research"的特点。
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