2. 外语
  3. Any physical theory is always provisional, in the sense that it is only a hypothesis; you can never prove it. No matter how many

Any physical theory is always provisional, in the sense that it is only a hypothesis; you can never prove it. No matter how many

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问题     Any physical theory is always provisional, in the sense that it is only a hypothesis; you can never prove it. No matter how many times the results of experiments agree with some theory, you can never be sure that the next time the result will not contradict the theory. On the other hand, you can disprove a theory by finding even a single observation that disagrees with the predictions of the theory. As philosopher of science Karl Popper has emphasized, a good theory is characterized by the fact that it makes a number of predictions that could in principle be disproved or falsified by observation. Each time new experiments are observed to agree with the predictions the theory survives, and our confidence is increased; but if ever a new observation is found to disagree we have to abandon or modify the theory. At least that is when is supposed to happen, but you can always question the competence of the person who carried out the observation.
    In practice, what often happens is that a new theory is devised that is really an extension of the previous theory. Fox example, very accurate observations of the planet Mercury revealed a small difference between its motion and the predictions of Newton’s theory of gravity. Einstein’s general theory of relativity predicted a slightly different motion from Newton’s theory. The fact that Einstein’s predictions matched what was seen, while Newton’s did not, was one of the crucial confirmations of the new theory. However, we still use Newton’s theory for all practical purposes because the difference between its predictions and those of general relativity is very small in the situations that we normally deal with. (Newton’s theory also has the great advantage that it is much simpler to work with than Einstein’s!)
A number of predictions can be disproved by______.
选项 A、observations
B、experiments
C、theories
D、hypotheses
答案A
解析 从自然科学哲学家Karl Popper所强调的内容(a good theory is characterized by thefact…be disproved or falsified by observation)可以看出应选A。
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