首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accompanied by an equivalent surge in industrial rese
There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accompanied by an equivalent surge in industrial rese
admin
2015-01-26
40
问题
There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accompanied by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicones, and Plexiglas were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.
Despite these finding, we are urged to support monopolistic power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the giant corporation or conglomerate, with its prodigious assets, can afford the kind of expenditures that produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $ 35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More man half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will either improve our standard of living or do much to protect our diminishing resources.
Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the process, is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by single corporation, investment in innovation — a risky and expensive budget item — might meet resistance from management and stockholders concerned about cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to equate the monopolistic producer with bountiful expenditures on research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Moreover, in some cases, industrial giants faced with little or no competition seek to avoid the capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress. By contrast, small firms undeterred by large investments in plant and capital equipment often aggressively pursue new techniques and new products, investing in innovation in order to expand their market shares.
The conglomerates are not, however, completely except from strong competitive pressures. There are instances in which they too must compete with another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.
Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph of the passage?
选项
A、Expenditures for various aspects of research are listed.
B、Reasons for supporting monopolistic power are given and then questioned.
C、Arguments are presented for minimizing competitive bidding for research.
D、Resources necessary for research are defined.
答案
B
解析
细节推理题。原文第二段首句中的support monopolistic power与选项B重现,用于改善生活标准的研究只能由大型企业承担,但在第三句But when we examine expenditures for research…之后又指出,研究发现政府支出的用于工业研究的资金有一大部分用于防御项目,有人对这些研究是否会提高生活标准提出质疑。故答案为B。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/B3LO777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Themostfamiliarheadachecomesfrom______tightnessintheback,headandneck,whichmightbecausedinturnbyexertion,orw
WorkisaveryimportantpartoflifeintheUnitedStates.WhentheearlyProtestant【1】cametothiscountry,theybroughtthe【2
WorkisaveryimportantpartoflifeintheUnitedStates.WhentheearlyProtestant【1】cametothiscountry,theybroughtthe【2
WorkisaveryimportantpartoflifeintheUnitedStates.WhentheearlyProtestant【1】cametothiscountry,theybroughtthe【2
WorkisaveryimportantpartoflifeintheUnitedStates.WhentheearlyProtestant【1】cametothiscountry,theybroughtthe【2
Britishcancerresearchershavefoundthatchildhoodleukaemiaiscausedbyaninfection,andclustersofcasesaroundindustria
AlongandpainfulstrugglewithcancerandchemotherapyhadcausedbaldnessforBarbaraBasset,ofMocrstown,NJ.Thedayherb
Ourtroubleliesinasimpleconfusion,onetowhicheconomistshavebeenpronesincethebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolution
Ourtroubleliesinasimpleconfusion,onetowhicheconomistshavebeenpronesincethebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolution
随机试题
一个量化过程中,输入值U=4V,又知在此量化区内最大量化误差e(t)=0.5V/2,求此量化过程的输出值。
下列可出现呼气性呼吸困难的是
男,25岁,左胸刀刺伤1小时来院,呼吸困难、发绀,胸部广泛皮下气肿,脉细速,左胸叩诊鼓音,呼吸音消失,气管右偏,应立即
A.背衬层B.药物贮库C.控释膜D.粘附层E.保护层膜控释型经皮给药系统的组成:
根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》医疗机构配制的制剂应当是
【背景资料】某啤酒生产线设备安装工程项目,施工项目部在各工程正式施工开始前,对各项准备工作及影响质量的各因素和有关方面进行了质量控制。施工项目经理部为了确保工程项目质量符合设计意图和国家规范、标准的要求,采用PDCA循环方法对该工程进行质量控制。以下
请代为判断A注册会计师违反中国注册会计师职业道德规范的是( )。如已设立企业对收到的实收资本及其相关的资产、负债尚未按规定进行会计处理,注册会计师在接受委托进行验资时,应当( )。
家住农村的小谢,父母省吃俭用供其上大学。小谢毕业后有了一份待遇不错的工作,父母年岁大了,因劳累身体也有劳损,小谢对老人悉心照顾,满足老人衣食住行等各方面的需要,看到老人腿脚不方便就买来按摩椅给老人使用。在这里,老年人享有的权益是()。
“三个代表"重要思想形成的社会历史条件()。
A.条件(1)充分,但条件(2)不充分B.条件(2)充分,但条件(1)不充分C.条件(1)和(2)单独都不充分,但条件(1)和条件(2)联合起来充分D.条件(1)充分,条件(2)也充分E.条件(1)和(2)单独都不充分,两个条件联合起来也不充分
最新回复
(
0
)