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  3. Fire can be thought of as any combustion process intense enough to emit light. It may be a quietly burning flame or the brillian

Fire can be thought of as any combustion process intense enough to emit light. It may be a quietly burning flame or the brillian

admin2010-04-30  30
问题    Fire can be thought of as any combustion process intense enough to emit light. It may be a quietly burning flame or the brilliant flash of an explosion.
    A typical combustion process is the burning of gasoline in an automobile engine. The vaporized fuel is mixed with air, compressed in the engine’s cylinder, and ignited by a spark. As the fuel flames up, the heat produced flows into the adjacent layer of unburned fuel and ignites it. In this way a zone of first spreads throughout the fuel mixture until the combustion wave.
    The speed at which such a combustion wave travels through a fuel mixture is called the burning velocity of the mixture. The burning velocity of a gas such as methane quietly burning in air is only about one foot per second.  By comparison, the burning velocity of more reactive combinations such as the rocket fuels, hydrogen and fluorine, can be hundreds of feet per second.
    If the fuel flows at the same speed as the combustion wave, the result is a stationary flame, like the one in your kitchen gas burner. In the kitchen burner a jet of gas mixed with airflows from the openings in the head of the burner. If the velocity of the fuel mixture flowing from the opening is greater than its burning velocity, the flame blows out.
    In jet engines speeding through the air at 500 to 600 miles per hour, the engine’s flame is sometimes blown out by the blast of air entering the combustion chamber at high speeds. Jet pilots call this condition "flameout."
    Combustion can sometimes occur very slowly. A familiar example of slow combustion is the drying of ordinary oil based paint. In this chemical reaction, called oxidation, the oxygen in the air reacts with the drying oil in the paint to provide a tough film. The linseed oil molecules link together, forming an insoluble coating. Another example is the hardening, and cracking of rubber with age. One way to avoid this is to incorporate certain chemicals called inhibitors into the compound.
    How can the chemical reaction involved in such a quiet process as the drying of paint also produce spectacular flames and explosions? The main difference between the two is the temperature at which they occur.
    At lower temperatures the reaction must take place over a long time. The heat, which is slowly produced, is dissipated to the surroundings and does not speed up the reaction. When the heat produced ’by the low temperature reaction is retained instead of being dissipated, the system breaks into flame. This is the process that accounts for a major fire hazard, spontaneous combustion, as when oily rags suddenly burst into flame.
    In a flame or explosion, the reactions are extremely fast. In many chemical processes, however, such a rapid oxidation process would be extremely destructive.
c
选项 A、their burning velocities differ in rate
B、oxidation is a chemical reaction while fire is a physical reactionp
C、oxidation does not create heat
D、they occur at different temperatures
答案D
解析 综合推断题。A：他们燃烧的速率不同，B：氧化是化学反应，而着火是物理反应；C：氧化不会产生热量；D：两种现象发生的临界温度不同。要找到本题的正确答案，须综合考虑文章所提供的相关细节。本文第1段第1句指出：Fire can be thought of as any combustion process intense enough to emit light. 意思是：着火是指任何强度很高、足以发光的燃烧过程。(可以指静静的燃烧，也可指爆炸而发出非常耀眼的光)而第6段第3句又说：氧化是指空气中的氧与物质相互作用的过程。还有，文章第7段第2句阐述说：主要区别是，发生氧化或燃烧时的温度不同，故D正确。
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