首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 29-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pag
READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 29-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pag
admin
2009-05-13
60
问题
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 29-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A
’Hypotheses,’ said Medawar in 1964, ’are imaginative and inspirational in character’; they are ’adventures of the mind’. He was arguing in favour of the position taken by Karl Popper in The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1972, 3rd edition) that the nature of scientific method is hypothetico-deductive and not, as is generally believed, inductive.
B
It is essential that you, as an intending researcher, understand the difference between these two interpretations of the research process so that you do not become discouraged or begin to suffer from a feeling of ’cheating’ or not going about it the right way.
C
The myth of scientific method is that it is inductive: that the formulation of scientific theory starts with the basic, raw evidence of the senses - simple, unbiased, unprejudiced observation. Out of these sensory data - commonly referred to as ’facts’ - generalisations will form. The myth is that from a disorderly array of factual information an orderly, relevant theory will somehow emerge. However, the starting point of induction is an impossible one.
D
There is no such thing as an unbiased observation. Every act of observation we make is a function of what we have seen or otherwise experienced in the past. All scientific work of an experimental or exploratory nature starts with some expectation about the outcome. This expectation is a hypothesis. Hypotheses provide the initiative and incentive for the inquiry and influence the method. It is in the light of an expectation that some observations are held to be relevant and some irrelevant, that one methodology is chosen and others discarded, that some experiments are conducted and others are not. Where is your naive, pure and objective researcher now?
E
Hypotheses arise by guesswork, or by inspiration, but having been formulated they can and must be tested rigorously, using the appropriate methodology. If the predictions you make as a result of deducing certain consequences from your hypothesis are not shown to be correct then you discard or modify your hypothesis. If the predictionsturn out to be correct then your hypothesis has been supported and may be retained until such time as some further test shows it not to be correct. Once you have arrived at your hypothesis, which is a product of your imagination, you then proceed to a strictly logical and rigorous process, based upon deductive argument - hence the term ’hypothetico-deductive’.
F
So don’t worry if you have some idea of what your results will tell you before you even begin to collect data; there are no scientists in existence who really wait until they have all the evidence in front of them before they try to work out what it might possibly mean. The closest we ever get to this situation is when something happens by accident; but even then the researcher has to formulate a hypothesis to be tested before being sure that, for example, a mould might prove to be a successful antidote to bacterial infection.
G
The myth of scientific method is not only that it is inductive (which we have seen is incorrect) but also that the hypothetico-deductive method proceeds in a step-by-step, inevitable fashion. The hypothetico- deductive method describes the logical approach to much research work, but it does not describe the psychological behaviour that brings it about. This is much more holistic - involving guesses, reworkings, corrections, blind alleys and above all inspiration, in the deductive as well as the hypothetic component- than is immediately apparent from reading the final thesis or published papers. These have been, quite properly, organised into a more serial, logical order so that the worth of the output may be evaluated independently of the behavioural processes by which it was obtained. It is the difference, for example between the academic papers with which Crick and Watson demonstrated the structure of the DNA molecule and the fascinating book The Double Helix in which Watson (1968) described how they did it. From this point of view, ’scientific method’ may more usefully be thought of as a way of writing up research rather than as a way of carrying it out.
选项
答案
Ⅳ
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/BMVO777K
本试题收录于:
雅思阅读题库雅思(IELTS)分类
0
雅思阅读
雅思(IELTS)
相关试题推荐
Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletesthereasoning?Eitherfoodscarcityorexcessivehuntingcanthreatenapopulati
Akeydecisionrequiredofadvertisingmanagersiswhethera"hard-sell"or"soft-sell"strategyisappropriateforaspecifict
Akeydecisionrequiredofadvertisingmanagersiswhethera"hard-sell"or"soft-sell"strategyisappropriateforaspecifict
Inadditiontoconventionalgalaxies,theuniversecontainsverydimgalaxiesthatuntilrecentlywentunnoticedbyastronomers.
Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostlogicallycompletestheargumentbelow?Manufacturersarenowrequiredtomakeallcigaret
Thispassageisexcerptedfrommaterialpublishedin1997.Isthereamassiveblackholeatthecenterofourgalaxy,theMi
DISTRIBUTIONOFTHEUNITEDSTATESPOPULATIONBYAGEANDSEX,1980AND1986Note:AgesareinwholeyearscompletedbyDecember
DirectionsforQuantitativeComparisonQuestions:Someofthefollowingquestionsgiveyoutwoquantities,oneinColumnAando
DirectionsforQuantitativeComparisonQuestions:Someofthefollowingquestionsgiveyoutwoquantities,oneinColumnAando
随机试题
血管源性脑水肿的病理机制
背景资料:某市大学城园区新建音乐学院教学楼,其中中庭主演播大厅层高为5.4m,双向跨度为19.8m,设计采用现浇混凝土井字梁。施工过程中发生如下事件:事件一:模架支撑方案经施工单位技术负责人审批后报监理签字,监理工程师认为其支撑高度超过5m,需进行专
使用时需要考虑饮食和药物互相作用的是()
清洁提单是指
继发性闭经是指按自身原月经周期计算停经
急性心肌梗死患者血清心肌酶测定中出现最早、恢复最早的酶是( )。
下列情况基牙最容易损伤的是
自2006年6月1日起,对个人购买住房不足5年转手交易的,销售时( )营业税。
税收的经济职能是国家通过税收法令来约束社会与经济行为的功能。()
以下关于劳动争议的表述,正确的有()。
最新回复
(
0
)