首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals to
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals to
admin
2010-01-07
65
问题
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.
Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don’ t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned mice to avoid saccharin by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.
The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader’ s experiment was that ______ .
结合文章第三段可以找出答案。
选项
A、they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharin
B、the sweetener was poisonous to them
C、their immune systems had been altered by the mind
D、they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning
答案
解析
C
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/BSPd777K
本试题收录于:
公共英语四级笔试题库公共英语(PETS)分类
0
公共英语四级笔试
公共英语(PETS)
相关试题推荐
Amanmayusuallybeknownbythebookshereadsaswellasbythecompanyhekeeps,forthereisacompanionshipofbooksaswe
Largecompaniesneedawaytoreachthesavingsofthepublicatlarge.Thesameproblem,onasmallerscale,facespractically
WhyisGriffithoftencalledTheFatheroftheMotionPicture?
IfyouarebuyingapropertyinFrance,whetherforapermanentoraholidayhome,itisimportanttoopenaFrenchbankaccount
IfyouarebuyingapropertyinFrance,whetherforapermanentoraholidayhome,itisimportanttoopenaFrenchbankaccount
Ontheheelsofitsrecentdecisiontocriminalizeconsumerswhoripsongsfromalbumstheyhavepurchasedtotheircomputers(or
Theaveragepersonseestensofthousandsofimagesaday—imagesontelevision,innewspapersandmagazines,andonthesidesof
Itwasamomentmostbusinessexecutiveswouldpausetosavor:latelastyear,GermansportinggoodspioneerAdidaslearnedthat
Itwasamomentmostbusinessexecutiveswouldpausetosavor:latelastyear,GermansportinggoodspioneerAdidaslearnedthat
Theexpression"stepbackintimeatleastahundredyears"(Para.2)isintendedtoconveytheideathatThegreatestadvantag
随机试题
当锅炉严重缺水时,应请示停炉。
一般而言,非程序化决策的决策者主要是()
简述波特的五力竞争模型的内容。
下列腧穴中,位于两肌腱之间的穴位有
下列有关法律论证中内部证成和外部证成的说法中哪些是正确的?()
在求取净收益中,运营费用包括()。
下列关于证券发行承销团承销证券的表述中,不符合证券法律制度规定的是()。,
下列各项中,属于会计核算的有()
事故单位在发生食品安全事故后未进行处置、报告的,由有关主管部门按照各自职责分工责令改正,给予警告;隐匿、伪造、毁灭有关证据的,责令停产停业,没收违法所得,并处()以下罚款;造成严重后果的,吊销许可证。
请根据下面的文字分析《格林童话》的语言特色。狼以前是和狐狸住在一起的,而且狼要什么,狐狸就得去做,因为狐狸较弱。有一次他们一起穿越一片大森林,狼说:“红狐,去给我找点吃的,不然我就把你给吃了。”狐狸回答说:“我知道附近有个农场,里面有两只小羊。如
最新回复
(
0
)