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  3. The central notion of social learning theories is that people learn attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction

The central notion of social learning theories is that people learn attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction

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问题     The central notion of social learning theories is that people learn attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction. The learning is a result of reinforcement, imitation, and modeling.
    Reinforcement occurs when we receive direct or indirect rewards or punishments for particular gender role behaviors. For example, a little girl who puts on her mother’s makeup may be told that she is cute, but her brother who does the same thing will be scolded. Children also learn gender roles through indirect reinforcement. For example, if a little boy’s male friends are punished for crying, he will learn that "boys don’t cry."
    Children also learn to behave as boys or girls through observation and imitation. Even when children are not directly rewarded or punished for "behaving like boys" or "behaving like girls," they learn about gender by watching who does what in their families. A father who is rarely at home because he’s always working sends the message that men are supposed to earn money. A mother who is always complaining about being overweight or old sends the message that women are supposed to be thin and young.
    Because parents are emotionally important to their children, they are typically a child’s most powerful role models. Other role models include caregivers, teachers, friends, and celebrities. According to a multiethnic study of Los Angeles adolescents, teenagers who said that their role model was someone they knew, e. g. a parent, relative, friend, or doctor outside the family, had higher self-esteem, higher grades, and lower substance use than peers whose role models were sports figures, singers, or other media characters. The researchers concluded that role model selection can have a positive or negative outcome on a teenager’s psychosocial development.
    Social learning theories contribute to our understanding of why we behave as we do, but much of the emphasis is on early socialization rather than on what occurs throughout life. Thus, these theories don’t explain why gender roles can change in adulthood or later life. Social learning theories also don’t explain why reinforcement and modeling work for some children but not others, especially those in the same family and even identical twins.
We learn from Paragraph 2 that reinforcement, whether direct or indirect, can help increase children’s awareness of______.
选项
答案gender roles
解析 细节推断题。此处应填名词或名词词组作of的宾语。定位段指出，强化发生在我们由于特定的性别角色表现出来的行为而获得直接或间接的奖励或惩罚时。同时指出，孩子们也可以通过间接的强化来认识自己的性别角色，并分别举例说明。总结本段，通过强化可增强孩子的性别角色意识，故答案为gender roles。
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