首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The Greek’s lofty attitude toward scientific research and the scientists’ contempt of utility was a long time dying. For a mille
The Greek’s lofty attitude toward scientific research and the scientists’ contempt of utility was a long time dying. For a mille
admin
2013-01-29
31
问题
The Greek’s lofty attitude toward scientific research and the scientists’ contempt of utility was a long time dying. For a millennium after Archimedes, this separation of mechanics from geometry inhibited fundamental technological progress and in some areas repressed it altogether. But there was a still greater obstacle to change until the very end of the middle ages: the organization of society. The social system of fixed class relationships that prevailed through the Middle Ages (and in some areas much longer) itself hampered improvement. Under this system, the laboring masses, in exchange for the bare necessities of life, did all the productive work, while the privileged few--priests, nobles, and kings--concerned themselves only with ownership and maintenance of their own position. In the interest of their privileges they did achieve considerable progress in defense, in warmaking, in government, in trade, in the arts of leisure, and in the extraction of labor from their dependents, but they had no familiarity with the process of production. On the other hand, the laborers, who were familiar with manufacturing techniques, had no incentive to improve or increase production to the advantage of their masters. Thus, with one class possessing the requisite knowledge aid experience, but lacking incentive and leisure, and the other class lacking the knowledge and experience, there was no means by which technical progress could be achieved.
The whole ancient world was built upon this relationship--a relationship as sterile as it was inhuman. The availability of slaves nullified the need for more efficient machinery. In many of the commonplace fields of human endeavor, actual stagnation prevailed for thousands of years. Not all the glory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome could develop the windmill or contrive so simple an instrument as the wheelbarrow--products of the tenth and thirteenth centuries respectively.
For about twenty-five centuries, two-thirds of the power of the horse was lost because he wasn’t shod, and much of the strength of the ox was wasted because his harness wasn’t modified to fit his shoulders. For more than five thousand years, sailors were confined to rivers and coasts by a primitive steering mechanism which required remarkably little alteration (in the thirteenth century) to become a rudder.
With any ingenuity at all, the ancient plough could have been put on wheels and the ploughshare shaped to bite and turn the sod instead of merely scratching it but the ingenuity wasn’t forthcoming. And the villager of the Middle Ages, like the men who first had fire, had a smoke hole in the center of the straw and reed thatched roof of his one-room dwelling (which he shared with his animals), while the medieval charcoal burner (like his Stone Age ancestor) made himself a hut of small branches.
We may infer that a change in class relationships after the close of the Middle Ages produced greater productivity because ______.
选项
A、freemen had incentive to produce more
B、masters had greater incentive to work their workers harder
C、slaves never starved, no matter what they produced
D、productivity could go in only one direction
答案
A
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/C01O777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Mostpeoplewhotravellongdistancecomplainofjetlag.Jetlagmakesbusinesstravelerslessproductiveandmoreprone【21】makin
Tounderstandthefailingsofexistingfarmprograms,it’simportanttounderstandtherootsofthecurrentfarmcrisis.Atthe
Tounderstandthefailingsofexistingfarmprograms,it’simportanttounderstandtherootsofthecurrentfarmcrisis.Atthe
Throughouthistorymanhashadtoacceptthefactthatalllivingthingsmustdie,butpeoplenowlivelongerthanthey【51】Yet,
Thecomponentofthehealthypersonalitythatisthefirsttodevelopisthesenseoftrust.Aswithotherpersonalitycomponent
Withhighhopes,thecompanysentsamplesofthesubstancetoscientists,buttheycouldn’t______anypracticalusesforit.
AsDrSamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreaching,thesurprisingthingaboutcomputersisnotthattheythink
OnDecember11,2001,after15yearsofnegotiations,theworld’smostpopulouscountryfinallyjoinedtheworld’smostimportan
Thereareanumberofformatsforreportingresearch,suchasarticlestoappearinjournals,reportsaddressedtofundingagenc
Forscientistswhostudyhumanevolution,fossilremainsprovidetheonlydirectevidenceofourancientancestors.Accesstoth
随机试题
属于全身最灵活关节的是()。
主要是对国际贸易活动中产生的问题进行调节的组织是_________。
内河水运重点要加强()、珠江水系及京杭运河等水运通道建设。
区域基础设施包括()。
判断过程异常的准则包括()。
所谓天才,我理解就是不屈从外力,由着自己的天性行事。他总爱在主体的能动性中,最大量的实现自己的价值,找到一种创造的美、表现的美、自我愉悦和自我欣赏的美。这美,主要体现为一种原始生命力,一种无功利的本我显现,与习俗意义的成功名利无缘,与中庸之道忤逆。故此,在
数据库应用系统需求既有功能需求,也有非功能需求。设某商场经营管理系统,有如下需求:I.系统中不考虑财务核算与退货Ⅱ.对基本销售业务要求实现秒级响应Ⅲ.多个终端需同时操作数据库Ⅳ.需保证数据存储和传输的安全,及时对数据
在汇编言程序设计中,若调用不在本模块中的过程,则对该过程必须用伪操作命令( )进行说明。
Inmanybusinesses,computershavelargelyreplacedpaperwork,becausetheyarefast,flexible,anddonotmakemistakes.Asone
Whatarethespeakersmainlydiscussing?
最新回复
(
0
)