首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about mo
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about mo
admin
2015-12-01
20
问题
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It’s theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the 1.02 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail’s net railway operating income in 1996 was just 427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because______.
选项
A、cost reduction is based On competition
B、services call for cross-trade coordination
C、outside competitors will continue to exist
D、shippers will have the railway by the throat
答案
C
解析
本题可参照文章的第2段。从中可知,支持这种新型的超级铁路的人宣称,这些合并会考虑大幅度降低成本,并更好地协调货运服务。他们认为,任何来自垄断的威胁都可以通过来自于汽车运输的激烈竞争而消除。据此可知,支持铁路合并的人认为,来自于外面的激烈竞争会消除垄断的局面。C项与文意相符,因此C项为正确答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/C7LO777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Shypeoplenever______setouttoattractattentionofotherpeople.
46.Theonrushofcheapcommunications,powerfulcomputersandtheInternetallexplainwhymanypeoplefeelthat,nowadays,cha
Inspiteof"endlesstalkofdifference",Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis"thedemocrat
Inspiteof"endlesstalkofdifference",Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis"thedemocrat
Accordingtoonesurveyof12,000people,about30percentofthosemakingNewYear’sresolutionssaytheydon’tevenkeepthem
Engineeringistheprofessionalartofapplyingsciencetotheoptimumconversionofthere-sourcesofnaturetotheusesofhu
Manhaslongwishedtopredictearthquakes.Recentfindingsindicatethatreliableearthquakepredictionisalmostareality.B
IworkasanofficeassistantinasmallbutgrowinggardenequipmentmanufacturingcompanyinCalifornia.Afewmonthsago,my
随机试题
一个良好的班集体的基本标准是看班级学生学习成绩的高低。()
海牛贸易有限公司、金铭造纸有限公司等5家发起人拟共同发起设立一家房地产开发股份有限公司,全体发起人应认缴的注册资本数至少应为人民币()
某些污染物在生物体内蓄积,并通过食物链逐渐转移而使生物体内污染物浓度逐级增高的作用是
结核性脑膜炎的病理改变最明显处在
顺风电器租赁公司将一台电脑出租给张某,租期为2年。在租赁期间内,张某谎称电脑是自己的,分别以市价与甲、乙、丙签订了三份电脑买卖合同并收取了三份价款,但张某把电脑实际交付给了乙。后乙的这台电脑被李某拾得,因暂时找不到失主,李某将电脑出租给王某获得很高收益。王
题1-6:某钢筋混凝土框架结构多层办公楼局部平面布置如图1-1所示(均为办公室),梁、板、柱混凝土强度等级均为C30,梁、柱纵向钢筋为HRB400钢筋,楼板纵向钢筋及粱、柱箍筋为HRB335钢筋。若该工程位于抗震设防地区,框架梁KL3左端支座边缘截面
党的十九大报告指出,“中国特色社会主义进入新时代,我国社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的()需要和()的发展之间的矛盾”。
“二战”后,为了同苏联争夺更广阔的亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲地区,建立美国控制下的冷战联盟体系,杜鲁门政府向亚非拉地区推行的经济与技术援助计划是()
当陨石穿过大气层向地面高速坠落时,陨石表面与空气摩擦产生的高温使陨石燃烧并不断挥发,实验证明,陨石挥发的速率(即体积减少的速率)与陨石表面积成正比,现有一陨石是质量均匀的球体,且在坠落过程中始终保持球状.若它在进人大气层开始燃烧的前3s内,减少了体积的7/
某数字校园平台的系统架构包括用户层和以下四层。制作各种可视化图表的工具属于(14)________________。
最新回复
(
0
)