首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Cigarettes Are Enlisted to Test Ways of Quitting A)When a truck recently delivered 45 000 cartons of cigarettes to a research co
Cigarettes Are Enlisted to Test Ways of Quitting A)When a truck recently delivered 45 000 cartons of cigarettes to a research co
admin
2014-09-30
52
问题
Cigarettes Are Enlisted to Test Ways of Quitting
A)When a truck recently delivered 45 000 cartons of cigarettes to a research company in North Carolina, it was a turning point in the government’s war on smoking. These were no ordinary cigarettes, but experimental ones, made of genetically altered tobacco to lower the nicotine content by 97 percent while preserving all the other tastes and smells and rituals for smokers of conventional cigarettes.
B)Researchers had been seeking a new and bigger supply because shortages had limited previous studies to just dozens of people. The experimental cigarettes are produced by a Massachusetts company, the 22nd Century Group, which holds 98 patents for genetic manipulation of tobacco plants to reduce or increase the amount of nicotine in cigarettes.
C)The National Institutes of Health(NIH)bought nine million of these cigarettes, marked "for research purposes only," from the 22nd Century Group as part of a broadening scientific effort to find ways to regulate cigarettes so that they are nonaddictive. The Spectrum brand test cigarettes have eight different levels of nicotine for research, from a nicotine content of 3 percent to 100 percent of the nicotine in the best-selling Marlboro Gold, though a 97 percent reduction is the most common level.
D)Dr. Nora D. Volkow, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the NIH, which oversees the work, called the delivery crucial for the new federal research projects. These include last month’s award of $2.5 million for the first year of a planned five-year series of studies into threshold(门槛)levels of nicotine addiction and the possible impact of a sharp reduction in nicotine on smoking and public health.
E)One study of the test cigarettes will follow about 500 smokers over six months to determine whether they are more likely to quit if they switch to those cigarettes quickly or gradually. The research, led by Dorothy K. Hatsukami, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Minnesota, and Eric C. Donny, associate professor of psychology at the University of Pittsburgh, will use about 1. 5 million of the recently acquired cigarettes.
F)For researchers, the availability of a new supply of test cigarettes is "a game changer," said Mitch Zeller, co-chairman of the Tobacco Harm Reduction Network at the National Cancer Institute and a consultant on nicotine replacement products. "It’s still all about the nicotine. Only now we have the power to do something about it."
G)At the same time, officials in the $ 80 billion tobacco industry have warned of unexpected side effects from addiction withdrawal and black market products, complex issues the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)will have to study in considering regulation. Under a 2009 law giving the FDA authority over tobacco products, the agency cannot ban nicotine, but can require that it be reduced to extremely low levels if that is proved to benefit public health.
H)"We really need to have good science to determine whether this might be a product standard, and to have good science, we need reduced-nicotine cigarettes," said Dr. Hatsukami, who is also a member of the FDA Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee. Her work stalled when companies stopped making very-low-nicotine cigarettes. "In the middle of a study, we don’t have the cigarettes," she said. "No one has ever sought FDA approval of a cigarette as a medical device," Joseph Pandolfino, the founder and chief executive of 22nd Century, said in an interview. Preliminary studies show smokers can have an easier time quitting if they cut down on the nicotine while still being able to do all the other things they do with cigarettes, he said, but larger studies are needed.
I)The growing industry of quit-smoking products has not further dented(削减)the rather steady rate of smoking recently in the United States, which has stayed at about 20 percent since 2004 after years of notable decline. A new crop of electronic cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products seem aimed more at getting smokers through smoke-free times rather than quitting.
J)Earlier this month, the FDA and NIH also announced they were starting a $ 118 million study to track about 44 000 people over five years to assess usage trends, risk perception, quit-smoking attempts and the possible impact of new tobacco regulations. In 2006, a federal judge found that tobacco companies had designed cigarettes to precisely control the amount of nicotine and provide doses sufficient for addiction, while concealing much of their nicotine research. They marketed so-called light cigarettes, which delivered a lower dose to smoking machines because of holes in the filter, but the same dose or worse to smokers who compensated by covering the holes with their lips and drawing harder.
K)In two small studies by Dr. Hatsukami and Dr. Benowitz, the genetically altered cigarettes were found to defeat the phenomenon of smoker "compensation. " But researchers said they needed much more evidence. Tests so far on the experimental cigarettes are encouraging enough that Dr. Hatsukami is going into a Phase 3 clinical trial. That means Phase 2 trials have proven effectiveness on humans. Phase 3 measures both effectiveness and safety. 22nd Century is also planning to start Phase 3 trials next year. The studies are examining gradual or rapid reductions of nicotine. In a regulated marketplace, the government could set limits on nicotine and ratchet down(逐步减少). And teenagers could still experiment with cigarettes, as they are wont to do, without getting addicted.
L)"It’s a hot topic," said Clifford E. Douglas, director of the University of Michigan Tobacco Research Network. "But as difficult as menthol(薄荷醇)has been, nicotine will be more difficult, because it’s not 15 million smokers, it’s every smoker in the United States." The FDA’s advisory panel has not put nicotine on its agenda yet, which is why Dr. Gregory N. Connolly, a Harvard professor of public health and antismoking advocate, said he resigned from the FDA panel in December.
M)"After 50 years of knowing cigarettes cause cancer, it’s nice to know we have a supply we can investigate," Dr. Connolly said. "But the real issue is the FDA should have begun a process two years ago to see if we can eliminate nicotine in cigarettes, at least for children. If we can put a man on the moon, we can get rid of nicotine. "
Dr. Connolly believed that a process should have been started to see if nicotine in cigarettes could be eliminated.
选项
答案
M
解析
同义转述题。由定位句可知,Connolly博士认为美国食品药品管理局两年前就应该启动(研究尼古丁的)进程来看看能否去除香烟中的尼古丁,至少为了孩子也要那样做。题干将原文的主动语态转换成了被动语态。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/CAv7777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
A、Onlychildren.B、Onlyadults.C、Onlyoldpeople.D、Peopleofallages.D
A、Herresearchpapers.B、Thecomingexam.C、Herswimmingclass.D、Herschoolfee.A
A、Naturaldisaster.B、Travelingabroad.C、Healthproblem.D、Studyexperience.A
A、Heisquiteindependent.B、Healwayshelpsotherpeople.C、Heoftenpaysbillsforhisdaughter.D、Heislookingafterhiswif
Sometimesthebiggestfindsarethesmallestfinds.Researchersexamininga(26)______ofsiltstone(粉砂岩)takenfromgroundalongth
Sometimesthebiggestfindsarethesmallestfinds.Researchersexamininga(26)______ofsiltstone(粉砂岩)takenfromgroundalongth
Sometimesthebiggestfindsarethesmallestfinds.Researchersexamininga(26)______ofsiltstone(粉砂岩)takenfromgroundalongth
AreBadTimesHealthy?A)Mostpeopleareworriedaboutthehealthoftheeconomy.Butdoestheeconomyalsoaffectyourhealth?
AreBadTimesHealthy?A)Mostpeopleareworriedaboutthehealthoftheeconomy.Butdoestheeconomyalsoaffectyourhealth?
随机试题
患者,女,70岁。左侧肢体活动不能3小时。查体:血压150/100mmHg。意识清楚,瞳孔等大等圆,示齿口角偏右,左侧上下肢肌力Ⅱ级,病理反射阳性。头颅CT检查无异常发现。问题2:首选的治疗是
颌面部手术后引起呼吸道梗阻常见的原因是
A、出生后4周内B、出生4周到12岁左右C、出生2周岁到12岁D、自乳房发育等第二性征出现至生殖器官发育成熟、获得性生殖能力E、月经初潮至生殖器官发育成熟女性一生各生理阶段分期中,儿童期是指
A.桂枝B.红花C.薏苡仁D.苦杏仁E.天花粉斗谱编排时,因外观相似但功效不同,不可与山药一起存放的中药是
地质雷达法可检测混凝土衬砌背后的()。
从所给的四个选项中,选择最合适的一个填入问号处,使之呈现一定的规律性。()
下文中共有10处语言错误,每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),并在其下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。WhenRachel
简述中国土地法大纲的主要内容。
NoteDearJessica,Ihaveapieceofgoodnewstotellyou.IboughtabooklastweekItiscalledHowtoStudy.Itiswritten
Let’sgoearlytomorrowwhentheshopswillbefairlyempty.
最新回复
(
0
)