首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Cigarettes Are Enlisted to Test Ways of Quitting A)When a truck recently delivered 45 000 cartons of cigarettes to a research co
Cigarettes Are Enlisted to Test Ways of Quitting A)When a truck recently delivered 45 000 cartons of cigarettes to a research co
admin
2014-09-30
89
问题
Cigarettes Are Enlisted to Test Ways of Quitting
A)When a truck recently delivered 45 000 cartons of cigarettes to a research company in North Carolina, it was a turning point in the government’s war on smoking. These were no ordinary cigarettes, but experimental ones, made of genetically altered tobacco to lower the nicotine content by 97 percent while preserving all the other tastes and smells and rituals for smokers of conventional cigarettes.
B)Researchers had been seeking a new and bigger supply because shortages had limited previous studies to just dozens of people. The experimental cigarettes are produced by a Massachusetts company, the 22nd Century Group, which holds 98 patents for genetic manipulation of tobacco plants to reduce or increase the amount of nicotine in cigarettes.
C)The National Institutes of Health(NIH)bought nine million of these cigarettes, marked "for research purposes only," from the 22nd Century Group as part of a broadening scientific effort to find ways to regulate cigarettes so that they are nonaddictive. The Spectrum brand test cigarettes have eight different levels of nicotine for research, from a nicotine content of 3 percent to 100 percent of the nicotine in the best-selling Marlboro Gold, though a 97 percent reduction is the most common level.
D)Dr. Nora D. Volkow, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the NIH, which oversees the work, called the delivery crucial for the new federal research projects. These include last month’s award of $2.5 million for the first year of a planned five-year series of studies into threshold(门槛)levels of nicotine addiction and the possible impact of a sharp reduction in nicotine on smoking and public health.
E)One study of the test cigarettes will follow about 500 smokers over six months to determine whether they are more likely to quit if they switch to those cigarettes quickly or gradually. The research, led by Dorothy K. Hatsukami, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Minnesota, and Eric C. Donny, associate professor of psychology at the University of Pittsburgh, will use about 1. 5 million of the recently acquired cigarettes.
F)For researchers, the availability of a new supply of test cigarettes is "a game changer," said Mitch Zeller, co-chairman of the Tobacco Harm Reduction Network at the National Cancer Institute and a consultant on nicotine replacement products. "It’s still all about the nicotine. Only now we have the power to do something about it."
G)At the same time, officials in the $ 80 billion tobacco industry have warned of unexpected side effects from addiction withdrawal and black market products, complex issues the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)will have to study in considering regulation. Under a 2009 law giving the FDA authority over tobacco products, the agency cannot ban nicotine, but can require that it be reduced to extremely low levels if that is proved to benefit public health.
H)"We really need to have good science to determine whether this might be a product standard, and to have good science, we need reduced-nicotine cigarettes," said Dr. Hatsukami, who is also a member of the FDA Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee. Her work stalled when companies stopped making very-low-nicotine cigarettes. "In the middle of a study, we don’t have the cigarettes," she said. "No one has ever sought FDA approval of a cigarette as a medical device," Joseph Pandolfino, the founder and chief executive of 22nd Century, said in an interview. Preliminary studies show smokers can have an easier time quitting if they cut down on the nicotine while still being able to do all the other things they do with cigarettes, he said, but larger studies are needed.
I)The growing industry of quit-smoking products has not further dented(削减)the rather steady rate of smoking recently in the United States, which has stayed at about 20 percent since 2004 after years of notable decline. A new crop of electronic cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products seem aimed more at getting smokers through smoke-free times rather than quitting.
J)Earlier this month, the FDA and NIH also announced they were starting a $ 118 million study to track about 44 000 people over five years to assess usage trends, risk perception, quit-smoking attempts and the possible impact of new tobacco regulations. In 2006, a federal judge found that tobacco companies had designed cigarettes to precisely control the amount of nicotine and provide doses sufficient for addiction, while concealing much of their nicotine research. They marketed so-called light cigarettes, which delivered a lower dose to smoking machines because of holes in the filter, but the same dose or worse to smokers who compensated by covering the holes with their lips and drawing harder.
K)In two small studies by Dr. Hatsukami and Dr. Benowitz, the genetically altered cigarettes were found to defeat the phenomenon of smoker "compensation. " But researchers said they needed much more evidence. Tests so far on the experimental cigarettes are encouraging enough that Dr. Hatsukami is going into a Phase 3 clinical trial. That means Phase 2 trials have proven effectiveness on humans. Phase 3 measures both effectiveness and safety. 22nd Century is also planning to start Phase 3 trials next year. The studies are examining gradual or rapid reductions of nicotine. In a regulated marketplace, the government could set limits on nicotine and ratchet down(逐步减少). And teenagers could still experiment with cigarettes, as they are wont to do, without getting addicted.
L)"It’s a hot topic," said Clifford E. Douglas, director of the University of Michigan Tobacco Research Network. "But as difficult as menthol(薄荷醇)has been, nicotine will be more difficult, because it’s not 15 million smokers, it’s every smoker in the United States." The FDA’s advisory panel has not put nicotine on its agenda yet, which is why Dr. Gregory N. Connolly, a Harvard professor of public health and antismoking advocate, said he resigned from the FDA panel in December.
M)"After 50 years of knowing cigarettes cause cancer, it’s nice to know we have a supply we can investigate," Dr. Connolly said. "But the real issue is the FDA should have begun a process two years ago to see if we can eliminate nicotine in cigarettes, at least for children. If we can put a man on the moon, we can get rid of nicotine. "
Dr. Connolly believed that a process should have been started to see if nicotine in cigarettes could be eliminated.
选项
答案
M
解析
同义转述题。由定位句可知,Connolly博士认为美国食品药品管理局两年前就应该启动(研究尼古丁的)进程来看看能否去除香烟中的尼古丁,至少为了孩子也要那样做。题干将原文的主动语态转换成了被动语态。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/CAv7777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
A、Peopledofewoccupationsrequirevigorousphysicalactivity.B、Computersmakepeoplesittingstillintheirsparetime.C、Mor
A、Milkproducts.B、Eggs.C、Honey.D、Vegetables.D
A、Herresearchpapers.B、Thecomingexam.C、Herswimmingclass.D、Herschoolfee.A
Sometimesthebiggestfindsarethesmallestfinds.Researchersexamininga(26)______ofsiltstone(粉砂岩)takenfromgroundalongth
Sometimesthebiggestfindsarethesmallestfinds.Researchersexamininga(26)______ofsiltstone(粉砂岩)takenfromgroundalongth
Sometimesthebiggestfindsarethesmallestfinds.Researchersexamininga(26)______ofsiltstone(粉砂岩)takenfromgroundalongth
Sometimesthebiggestfindsarethesmallestfinds.Researchersexamininga(26)______ofsiltstone(粉砂岩)takenfromgroundalongth
A、Thewomanshouldn’tgotothegym.B、Thewomanlooksoutofshape.C、Thewomanlooksquitehealthy.D、Thewomanhasspentmuch
Mendofarmorehouseworkthantheyaregivencreditfor,accordingtoresearchthatclaimswomendonotnoticebecausetheirma
随机试题
两家鞋业制造公司分别派出了一个业务员去开拓市场,一个叫杰克逊,一个叫板井。在同一天,他们两个人来到了南太平洋的一个岛国,到达当日,他们就发现当地人全都赤足,不穿鞋!从国王到平民、从僧侣到贵妇,竟然无人穿鞋子。当晚,杰克逊向国内总部老板拍了一封电报
ImmigrationandProblemsHundredsofthousandsofpeoplesupportingimmigrationrightsintheUSfilledstreetsalloverAme
A.腹部X线平片示孤立的肠管积气、膨胀、呈咖啡豆样B.腹部X线平片示小肠充气扩张,并存在阶梯状液平面、结肠无气C.腹部X线平片示小肠及结肠普遍积气D.钡灌肠见钡剂在结肠受阻,尖端呈“鸟嘴”形E.气钡灌肠见空气或钡剂在结肠受阻,该处钡影呈“杯口”状
佝偻病初期患儿的临床表现是
采用非开挖方式维护与修复城市管网,当进行局部修补时采用的方法主要有密封法、补丁法、铰接管法、局部软衬法、灌浆法和()。
甲材料月初结存实际成本为100000元,结存数量为1000件,本月增加材料1200件,增加金额为126000元。甲材料本月加权平均单价为()元/件。
经海关许可,进出境运输工具不得兼营国内运输,不得载运境内货物及国内旅客。()
白酒生产企业向商业销售单位收取的“品牌使用费”,应并入白酒的销售额缴纳消费税。()(2014年)
Faces,likefingerprints,are【C1】______Didyoueverwonderhowitispossibleforustorecognizepeople?Evena【C2】______writer
Facialexpressionshavemanymeaningsdependingoncontextsandrelationships.Takethesmileforexample,ithasmanyfunctions
最新回复
(
0
)