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  3. Excessive dependence on automobiles has profound negative impacts on human health: decreased opportunities for physical activity

Excessive dependence on automobiles has profound negative impacts on human health: decreased opportunities for physical activity

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问题     Excessive dependence on automobiles has profound negative impacts on human health: decreased opportunities for physical activity, increased exposure to air pollution, raised vulnerability to chronic diseases and the mounting incidence of traffic crashes that alone cost a staggering $180 billion. The determination of the magnitude of the health impact is notoriously so tricky as to end up with an astronomical figure probably. No calculation can be complete without formulating practical standards or models for estimating health costs. Costs associated with obesity, breathing illness, and injuries are evidenced by research. Growing recognition of the close connection between transportation, social cohesion and health has resulted in some studies that have achieved compelling findings.
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答案 过度依赖汽车对人类健康有着重大的负面影响：锻炼的机会越来越少、接触的空气污染越来越多、患慢性病的概率越来越大、交通事故的频率越来越高，仅此类事故一项造成的损失就高达1800亿美元，令人吃惊。众所周知，确定对健康影响的程度特别困难，结果很可能是个天文数字。只有制定了估算健康费用的标准和模型，计算才能是完整无缺的。与肥胖、呼吸系统疾病和受伤相关的费用可从科研中找到证据。人们越来越意识到交通、社会凝聚力和健康之间关系密切，因此完成了一些科研项目，并取得了令人信服的科研成果。
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