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  3. During a lab meeting, one of our PhD researchers recalls how her father would forbid her from using paper to help solve maths ho

During a lab meeting, one of our PhD researchers recalls how her father would forbid her from using paper to help solve maths ho

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问题    During a lab meeting, one of our PhD researchers recalls how her father would forbid her from using paper to help solve maths homework problems by writing them down. 【F1】Another admits that she sometimes still uses her hands to make small calculations, although she does so while hiding them behind her back. When we realize that all of us use our fingers in order to answer demands for the "third, fifth, and seventh digits" of our secret online banking password, we laugh in relief. We are not so foolish after all, or at least we are not alone.
   Our ability to think and reason has been trained and tested in real world situations that restrict our ability to use our hands. At school, children quickly learn to count "in their heads", without using their fingers as props. At university, we ask our students to take "closed-book" exams, relying only on that information committed to memory. Job applicants take intelligence tests during which their interaction with the world is limited to a tick-box (or computer key-press) to mark their selected answers. 【F2】The implicit assumption that supports these practices is that truly intelligent behavior originates from the inner parts of the brain, and the brain alone.
   Of course educators are well aware that props are a great help in teaching young children to reason with numbers and solve problems. Likewise, neuropsychologists use props to assess memory loss in the elderly. 【F3】In other words, it’s acceptable to engage with the material world to support your thinking if your mental abilities are still developing or if you are losing your cognitive powers. For the rest of us, however, it’s seen as a sign of cognitive weakness.
   It is this view we aim to challenge, rejecting the metaphor of mind as computer according to which thoughts ultimately emerge from the brain’s processing of information from the outside world. 【F4】The subtle consequence of this metaphor is that it implies that simulating a situation in your head while you think is equivalent to living through that situation while you think. In both cases, your answer will depend only on how (well) your brain processes the information.
   Our research strongly challenges this assumption. We show instead that people’s thoughts, choices and insights can be transformed by physical interaction with things. 【F5】So next time your child counts using her fingers, or you see your employees spread out information over their desk and walls, be reassured: they are not limited in their capacity to think well. In fact, they are enhancing their ability to think.
【F4】
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答案这个比喻的微妙之处就是，它暗示了思考时大脑模拟情境，等同于思考时本人亲身经历这种情境。
解析 ①本句为多重复合句，包含一个表语从句、一个宾语从句和两个while引导的时间状语从句。②句首The subtle consequence of this metaphor为主句的主语，其中of this metaphor作The subtle consequence的后置定语；第一个that引导表语从句，解释说明主句主语The subtle consequence of this metaphor。③第二个that引导implies的宾语从句，说明暗示的内容；该宾语从句为A is equivalent to B结构，其中A为simulating a situation in your head while you think，B为living through that situation while you think。
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