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  3. A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fingerprinting in cr

A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fingerprinting in cr

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问题    A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fingerprinting in criminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However, it is in the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.
   DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to prove guilt, not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such materials as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.
   The controversy in 1998 stemmed from a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass. , and Daniel L. Haiti called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance a-lone. In particular, they argued that the current method cannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group.
   In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K. Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn. , argued that enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998, however, the federal Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples from various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, a National Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories.
Before DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects______.
选项 A、would have to leave their fingerprints for further investigations
B、would have to submit evidence for their innocence
C、could easily escape conviction of guilt
D、could be convicted of guilt as well
答案D
解析 推理判断题。文章第二段介绍DNA指纹图谱在刑侦领域的应用。该段首句指出，它是能够验证罪犯是否有罪的强有力的手段，而不仅仅用来证实无罪，即DNA指纹技术是验证嫌疑人是否有罪的一项重要技术手段。由此推断，在指纹技术出现之前，有其它的手段来验证嫌疑人是否有罪。有罪的嫌疑人一样也要承担相应的刑罚。故答案为[D]项。其他三项在文中没有提及，故排除。
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