首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Sustainable Development and Globalization Sustainable development is defined in Our Common Future, the Report of the 1987 Wo
Sustainable Development and Globalization Sustainable development is defined in Our Common Future, the Report of the 1987 Wo
admin
2010-07-14
47
问题
Sustainable Development and Globalization
Sustainable development is defined in Our Common Future, the Report of the 1987 World Commission on the Environment and Development (the Brundtland Report), as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". Rather than predicting greater environmental decay and hardship in a world of ever-diminishing resources, the Report foresees "the possibility of a new era of economic growth, based on policies that sustain and expand the natural environmental resource base".
Economic growth and modernization have historically been pursued aggressively by nation-states, as a means not only of satisfying basic material needs, but also of providing the resources necessary to improve quality of life more generally (for example with respect to access to health-care and education). However, most forms of economic growth make demands on the environment, both by using (sometimes finite) natural resources and by generating waste or pollution. This jeopardizes growth for future generations. The philosophy of sustainable development attempts to resolve this dilemma by insisting that decisions taken at every level throughout society should have due regard to their possible environmental consequence. In this way, the right kind of economic growth—based on biodiversity, the control of environmentally damaging activity, and replenishment of renewable resources such as forests—is generated, and this can protect or even enhance the natural environment. Present-day economic development is therefore rendered compatible with investment in environmental resources for the future.
Although it is understandably hard to find authorities who are prepared to argue against the idea of sustainable development (it is in fact widely applauded by almost all governments and their agencies), it is often difficult for governments (which tend to be accountable to electorates over short-term periods such as five years or so) to accept the political consequences of promoting sustainable development, for example by imposing tolls or fines for the use of cars in cities (on the principle that the "polluter should pay"). Moreover, the environment is shared and is largely a public good, so that to a considerable extent its protection requires collective action. In practice, therefore, this has proved hard to organize because of the usual free-rider problems.
Globalization theory examines the emergence of a global cultural system. It suggests that global culture is brought about by a variety of social and cultural developments: the existence of a world-satellite information system; the emergence of global patterns of consumption and consumerism; the cultivation of cosmopolitan life-styles; the emergence of global sport such as the Olympic Games, world football competitions, and international tennis matches; the spread of world tourism; the decline of the sovereignty of the nation state; the growth of a global military system; recognition of a world-wide ecological crisis; the development of world-wide health problems such as AIDS; the emergence of world political systems such as the League of Nations and the United Nations; the creation of global political movements such as Marxism; extension of the concept of human rights; and the complex interchange between world religions. More importantly, globalism involves a new consciousness of the world as a single place. Globalization has been described, therefore, as "the concrete structuration of the world as a whole": that is, a growing awareness at a global level that "the world" is a continuously constructed environment. Perhaps the most concise definition suggests that globalization is "a social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people are becoming increasingly aware that they are receding".
Contemporary globalization theory argues that globalization comprises two entirely contradictory processes of homogenization and differentiation; that there is a complex interaction between localism and globalism; and that there are powerful movements of resistance against globalization processes.
The proponents of the argument are critical of traditional sociology which continues to focus on the nation-states rather than the world as a system of societies. However, there are problems with globalization theory. What, for example, is the distinction between globalization and modern patterns of imperialism? There are also difficulties in specifying the relationships between economic and cultural globalization, and between globalization and modernization.
Globalism increasingly became part of the conventional wisdom of sociologists during the 1990s. Almost every subject of sociological interest that could be given a global gloss was so endowed. Thus, for example, in a single issue of the journal Contemporary Sociology (September 1996), there were reviews of books on such diverse subjects as the Women’s Movement, the international economy, biological reproduction, immigration, apartheid, racism, the forest products industry, transnational corporations, the production and distribution of food, central banks and international monetary arrangements, American foreign policy, the growth of Third World cities, and value-change in advanced societies--all of which contained the words "global", "globalizati0n", or "globalism" in their titles.
It is undoubtedly true that, on a planet in which the same fashion accessories (such as designer training-shoes) are manufactures and sold across every continent, one can send and receive electronic mail from the middle of a forest in Brazil, eat McDonald’s hamburgers in Moscow as well as Manchester, and pay for all this using a Mastercard linked to a bank account in Madras, then the world does indeed appear to be increasingly "globalized". However, the excessive use of this term as a sociological buzzword had largely emptied it of analytical and explanatory value, as a perusal of many of the studies mentioned above will reveal.
The reason for governments to impose toils for the use of cars is that ______.
选项
答案
the polluter should pay
解析
文章第三自然段第一句说是根据污染者应该赔偿的原则。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/CP7K777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisn
A、Inaprofessor’soffice.B、Inamedicaldoctor’soffice.C、InanauditoriumD、Inagym.A场所题。对话是老师与学生谈论课程的问题,在给出的4个选项中只有A项最这合
A、Shecansendthemanadditionalinformation.B、Themanreceivedthewrongbill.C、Shewillcredittheman’saccount.D、Sheagr
Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:PsychologicalProblemsofUnivers
Inadditiontoexercisingregularly,eatingagoodbreakfastisconsideredbymanyhealthexpertstobea【B1】______.partofa
PresidentClintonlatertodayjoins【B1】______PresidentsFord,CarterandBushat"thepresident’ssummitforAmerica’sfuture"【
PresidentClintonlatertodayjoins【B1】______PresidentsFord,CarterandBushat"thepresident’ssummitforAmerica’sfuture"【
A、Stormsandfloods.B、Diseaseandfire.C、Rapidincreaseoftheanimalpopulation.D、Lessspacefortheirgrowth.B推理判断题。本题提问的对
随机试题
焊缝金属过烧,碳元素大量烧损,焊接接头强度提高、韧性和塑性下降。
A.骨髓B.胸腺C.法氏囊D.扁桃体E.哈德氏腺某鸡场,3周龄鸡羽毛蓬松,排水样粪便。剖检可见腿肌、胸肌出血;此外还发现某免疫器官呈紫葡萄状。该免疫器官是
肉豆蔻与白豆蔻均具有的功效是()
当事人对已经发生法律效力的判决、裁定申请再审,是否适用于中止、中断和延长的说法正确的是()。
风险识别过程包含两个环节:感知风险和()。
某公司在成立初期,分配形式单一,员工薪酬长期处于较低水平,员工薪酬的差距不明显,以人定岗的现象十分突出,同岗不同酬,多劳不多得的现象普遍存在。最近,公司准备对薪酬制度进行一次彻底的变革,根据专家的建议,拟在一线生产岗位推行岗位技能工资制。因此,人力资源部门
《3~6岁儿童学习与发展指南》指出,()和社会适应是幼儿社会学习的主要内容,也是其社会性发展的基本途径。
(2016·河北)党在过渡时期的总路线的主要内容概括为()
意大利地处欧亚大陆和非洲大陆板块的挤压带上,因此境内活火山较多。频繁爆发的火山给意大利人带来了丰厚的_________可作为优质胶凝材料的火山灰。这种_________的自然条件使古罗马人利用火山灰发明了自然混凝土。填入划横线部分最恰当的一项是:
法律,是指由国家行使立法权的机关依照立法程序制定和颁布的涉及国家重大问题的规范性文件。下列哪一项不属于法律?
最新回复
(
0
)