2. 外语
  3. No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever co

No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever co

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问题     No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any people has made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended. Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed; where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.
    He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that. His reasons may be good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if he is equally unable to refute the reasons on the opposite side; if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for him would be suspension of judgment, and unless he contents himself with that, he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that he should hear the arguments of adversaries from his own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations.  That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with his own mind. He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. He must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form: he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated men are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know: they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. They do not know those parts of it which explain and justify the remainder; the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with another is reconcilable with it, or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.
According to the author, it is always advisable to ______.
选项 A、have opinions which cannot be refuted
B、adopt the point of view to which he feels the most inclination
C、be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which he disagrees
D、suspend heterodox speculation
答案C
解析 根据作者的观点，熟悉有利于自己反对的观点的论点是可取的。这是作者在第二段论述的主要论点。他认为，如果一个人只了解自己这一方，善于推理、无人反驳，却不熟悉对方的推理，也不能予以驳斥，他就没有理由选择双方的任一论点，其合理的态度便是中止判断，除非他满足于这样的状况：要么不受权威的引导，要么就像世界上芸芸众生那样选取他最有意向的那一方。作者进一步指出，光听老师所陈述的对立面的观点以及他们所提出的反证是不够的。这不是公正评判论点的方法，也不是让论点与自己思想进行实质性接触的方法。他听取论点的来源必须是那些真正相信自己的论点、坚决为之辩护并为之付出努力的人。
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