首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Keep Our Seas Clean A) By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world’s population could have increased to around 12 billio
Keep Our Seas Clean A) By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world’s population could have increased to around 12 billio
admin
2016-04-30
49
问题
Keep Our Seas Clean
A) By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world’s population could have increased to around 12 billion. Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60 km of the sea. The agricultural and industrial activities required to support this population will increase the already significant pressures on fertile coastal areas. Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters costs the global economy US $12.8 billion a year. Plastic waste kills up to 1 million sea birds, 100,000 sea mammals and countless fish each year.
B) One significant impact of human activity is marine pollution. The most visible and familiar is oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea, and in addition to the gross visible short-term impacts, severe long-term problems can also result In the case of the Exxon Valdez which ran onto a shore in Alaska in 1989, biological impacts from the oil spill can still be identified 15 years after the event. The Prestige which sank off the Spanish coast late in 2002, resulted in huge economic losses as it polluted more than 100 beaches in France and Spain and effectively destroyed the local fishing industry.
C) Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts, the total quantities of pollutants entering the sea from the long line of catastrophic oil spills appeared small compared with those of pollutants introduced directly and indirectly from other sources, including domestic sewage, industrial discharges, leakages from waste tips, urban and industrial run-off, accidents, spillages, explosions, sea dumping operations, oil production, mining, agriculture nutrients and pesticides, waste heat sources, and radioactive discharges. Land based sources are estimated to account for around 44 percent of the pollutants entering the sea and atmospheric inputs account for an estimated 33 percent. By contrast, transport on the sea accounts for 12 percent.
D) The impacts of pollution vary. Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture can result in unsightly and possibly dangerous "blooms" of algae (藻类) in coastal waters. As these blooms die and decay they use up the oxygen in the water. This has led, in some areas, to "creeping dead zones" (CDZ), where oxygen dissolved in the water falls to levels unable to sustain marine life. Industrial pollution also contributes to these dead zones.
E) Radioactive (放射性的) pollution has many causes, including the normal operation of nuclear power stations, but by far the single biggest sources of man-made radioactive elements in the sea are the nuclear fuel reprocessing plants at La Hague in France and at Sellafield in the UK Waste released from them has resulted in the widespread pollution of living marine resources over a wide area; radioactive elements traceable to reprocessing can be found in seaweeds as far away as the West Greenland Coast.
F) Trace metal pollution from metal mining, production and processing industries can damage the health of marine plants and animals and render some seafoods unfit for human consumption. The contribution of human activities can be very significant: the amount of mercury introduced to the environment by industrial activities is around four times the amount released through natural processes such as weathering and erosion (腐蚀).
G) The input of man-made chemicals to the oceans potentially involves an overwhelming number of different substances. 63,000 different chemicals are thought to be in use worldwide with 3,000 accounting for 90 percent of the total production amount. Each year, anywhere up to 1,000 new synthetic chemicals may be brought onto the market. Of all these chemicals some 4,500 fall into the most serious category. These are known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). They’re resistant to breakdown and have the potential to accumulate in the tissues of living organisms (all marine life), causing hormone disruption which can, in turn, cause reproductive problems, induce cancer, suppress the immune system and interfere with normal mental development in children.
H) POPs can also be transported long distances in the atmosphere and deposited in cold regions. As a result, Inuit populations who live in the Arctic a long distance from the sources of these pollutants are among the most severely influenced people on the planet, since they rely on fat-rich marine food sources such as fish and seals. POPs are also thought to be responsible for some polar bear populations failing to reproduce normally. Scarily, seafoods consumed by people living in warm and mild regions are also affected by POPs. Oily fish tend to accumulate POPs in their bodies and these can be passed to human consumers. When oily fish are rendered down into fish meal and fish oils and subsequently used to feed other animals, then this too can act as a pathway to humans. Farmed fish and shellfish, dairy cattle, poultry and pigs are all fed fish meal in certain countries, and so meat and dairy products as well as farmed and wild fish can act as further sources of these chemicals to humans.
I) The North and Baltic Seas also contain some of the world’s busiest shipping lanes. 200,000 ships cross the North Sea every year. Many goods transported by ships are hazardous (half the goods carried at sea can be described as dangerous) and loss of dangerous cargoes can result in damage to the marine environment. Chemical tank washings, discharge of oily wastes and wash waters are all significant sources of marine pollution.
J) In addition there is always the risk of a major oil spill, a risk made worse by the fact that some of the tankers that routinely travel through still have only one body-frame or have other technical defects and crews who are poorly educated. In November 2002, the Prestige oil tanker went down off the coast of Spain with 70,000 tons of oil on board which polluted 2,890 km of coastline. A few days earlier it had been crossing the Baltic.
K) Some sources of pollution have been brought under control by international legislation. Countries which signed the London Convention have agreed to stop the dumping of radioactive and industrial waste at sea. The OSPAR Convention regulates marine pollution in the North East Atlantic Region while countries which signed the Stockholm Convention have committed themselves to the phase out of a number of persistent organic pollutants. Within the European Community, the Water Framework Directive may be expected to bring further reductions in polluting inputs, although it will be over a very long time frame. The additional benefit of the new EU REACH (Registration Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) initiative, which aims to regulate the production and use of dangerous chemicals at source, remains to be seen.
The fact that some tankers still have only one body-frame or have other technical defects making bigger possibility of oil spill.
选项
答案
J
解析
根据题目中的one body-frame及technical defects可以定位到J段。J段首句也出现了题目中提到的fact,且该词后的同位语从句内容与题目中的从句语义几乎一致,故选J。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Cle7777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
SixSecretsofHigh-EnergyPeopleA)There’sanenergycrisisinAmerica,andithasnothingtodowithfossilfuels.Millionsof
Howdowegetmorepeopletoincreasetheirconsumptionofiron-richfoods?Manynutritionists【C1】______theincreaseofanumber
TheRiseoftheSharingEconomyA)Lastnight40,000peoplerentedaccommodationfromaservicethatoffers250,000roomsin30,0
TheRiseoftheSharingEconomyA)Lastnight40,000peoplerentedaccommodationfromaservicethatoffers250,000roomsin30,0
SinceearlycolonialtimesAmericanpeoplehaveshownagreatconcernforeducation.Therewereaveryhighproportionofeducat
Kodak’sdecisiontofileforbankruptcyprotectionisasad,thoughnotunexpectedturningpointforaleadingAmericancorpora
Kodak’sdecisiontofileforbankruptcyprotectionisasad,thoughnotunexpectedturningpointforaleadingAmericancorpora
ThestudywaswrittenandresearchedbyBritain’sNationalConsumerCouncil(NCC)forlobbygroupConsumerInternational.Itwas【C
AproverballegedlyfromancientChinawaswidelyspreadinthewest:"Ifyouwanttobehappyforafewhours,gotogetdrunk;
Globalwarmingisatrendtowardwarmerconditionsaroundtheworld.Partofthewarmingisnatural;wehaveexperienceda20,00
随机试题
我有这三个画面。它们_____来自我的故乡故土,_____在遥远的维也纳三次旅行中的画面定格,它们可绝非一般!在这个用音乐来召唤和描述春天的城市里,春天来得特别充分、特别细致、特别蓬勃,_____特别震撼。我先说五月,再说三月,最后说四月,它们各有一次叫我
依法必须招标的工程建设项目,需要具备的招标条件有()。
I’11neverforget______thispieceofmusicforthefirsttime.
在膨胀土地区设置挡土墙时,下列做法不正确的是()。
某工程基础平面图如图6.Ⅰ.1所示,现浇钢筋混凝土带形基础、独立基础的尺寸如图6.Ⅰ.2所示。混凝土垫层强度等级为C15,混凝土基础强度等级为C20,按外购商品混凝土考虑。混凝土垫层支模板浇筑,工作面宽度为300mm,槽坑底面用电动打夯机夯实,费用计入
乙公司2019年年末长期资本为5000万元,其中长期银行借款为1000万元,年利率为6%;所有者权益(包括普通股资本和留存收益)为4000万元。公司计划在2020年追加筹集资金5000万元,其中按面值发行债券2000万元,票面年利率为6.86%,期限5年,
B注册会计师在对丙公司固定资产折旧进行审计时,遇到以下情况,请代为作出正确的专业判断。丙公司2008年9月初增加小轿车一辆,该项设备原值88000元,预计可使用8年,净残值为8000元,采用直线法计提折旧。至2010年末,对该项设备进行检查后,估计其可
我国中小学教师实行五年一周期定期注册,每个注册有效期内要完成不少于国家规定的360个培训课时或省级教育行政部门规定的等量学分。()
市场失灵的主要表现有()。
临床心理学
最新回复
(
0
)