首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Theories of History Ⅰ. How much we know about history? A. Written records exist for only a fraction of man’s time B. The acc
Theories of History Ⅰ. How much we know about history? A. Written records exist for only a fraction of man’s time B. The acc
admin
2012-03-23
22
问题
Theories of History
Ⅰ. How much we know about history?
A. Written records exist for only a fraction of man’s time
B. The accuracy of these records is often【1】, and details in them often needs improvement.
Ⅱ. Reconstruction of history before writingA. being difficult because of the【2】of history to usB. the most that we can do is: use【3】and the knowledge of the habits of animals.
Ⅲ. Theories about historyA. Objective: to【4】the beginning and deduce the end of man’s story. B. One theory believes that man continually【5】
—【6】must be more intelligent and civilized than his ancestors.
—Human race will evolve into a race of【7】
C. The second theory holds the man’s history is like a【8】of development.
—Modern man is not the most superior.
—Modem man may be inferior to members of【9】
D. The third theory: Human societies repeat a cycle of stages, but overall progress is【10】in the long historical perspectiy.
Good morning, class. Today’s lecture is mainly concerned with some theories of history.
How much of man’s history do we know? We really know very little. Written records exist for only a fraction of what we suppose to have been man’s time as a unique species. Furthermore, [1]the accuracy of these records is often suspected, and the scope and selection of significant detail in them often needs improvement.
It is worse when we try to reconstruct man’s history before the development of writing, and this is unfortunate because [2]the history of the greatest discoveries, such as fire, the wheel and the sail, as well as the history of the early development of human society are lost to us. [3]The most that we can do is to use traces, deduction, speculation and the knowledge we have of the habits of those animals which have elementary social order to help us make a partial reconstruction. This is hardly a satisfactory substitute for precise information.
With our knowledge of human history, which is only fragmentary at best, it is therefore nearly [4]impossible to reconstruct the beginning and to deduce the end of the story of man. Thus, there have developed many schools of thought on the subject, each of which attempts to give coherence to the human past by fitting it into the framework of a theory of history.
Now, [5]let’s take a look at one of these theories, it is assumed that man continually progress. He has evolved from a lower to a higher form of being, and he continues to evolve. This evolution takes place both in terms of his potentials and his abilities to actualize these potentials. If one holds this theory, one feels that [6]modern man must be more intelligent and civilized today than his ancestors, as well as physically and morally superior to them. One further assumes that this progress will continue into an ever more glorious future. Here deduction often ends and dreams of utopia begin, for it seems that most of us find [7]it hard to think of the human race developing into a race of angels. All in all, as theory of history, the above view has had many eminent supporters.
It might be well to mention here a variation on this theory that used to be popular, namely the idea that man rose from a low condition to a Golden Age at some time in the remote past, and that things have gone straight downhill ever since. Many eminent men have found a sort of gloomy comfort in this idea, but science has now opened up possibilities for the future which make this theory less defendable. Perhaps for this reason the theory has little modern support.
A second theory of history is held by those men who see man’s history as something quite different from a simple progression from a lower to a higher state. [8]They see it as a cycle of stages of development, which are predictable in their broad outlines and main features. As surely as a civilization rises and comes into being, so also must it decline and fall. The chief pattern one sees in history is the rise and fall of civilization. Man, according to this theory, is warlike in one stage of his history and humane in another. This is not due to individual human beings or to general progress, but rather to determining socioeconomic patterns that are not, as yet, understood. To holders of this theory, modern man is not looked upon as the most superior social being yet produced. He is simply the typical product of the current stage in the cycle of our civilization. In fact, [9]he may actually be inferior to members of past civilizations. It all depends upon what stage of civilization we happen to be living in. Indeed, it has been said that the average modern literate city dweller is comparatively more ignorant of his era’s fund of knowledge than other literate city dwellers of the past. While the staggering fired of knowledge in our technologically advanced world is undoubtedly greater than that of any past civilization, it is probably true
that the average modern man, relying on such repetitive forms of entertainment as television and working in a narrowly specialized job, knows a great deal less sheer information about his world than did earlier people.
In a third theory of history, the two above theories are to some degree reconciled. According to this theory, which is often termed the spiral view of history, [10]human societies do repeat a cycle of stages, but overall progress is observable in the long historical perspective. Civilizations do rise and fall, as the advocates of the second theory maintain, but the new civilization which replaces the first, usually by conquest, contains superior qualities which enable it to rise to a higher stage of development until it declines and is replaced by yet a third civilization.
The above theories interpret history in term of the overall progress of mankind in general without respect to differentiation within the social order. It is also possible to view human history in terms of the Interaction of socioeconomic groups. Human history, according to this theory, is most clearly interpreted as the disappearance of class struggle. Most people who hold this theory assume a resolution of the struggle through the disappearance of class differences, although it would be just as correct to assume that the struggle could continue unresolved. Those who assume that the struggle can eventually be resolved hold that history has a goal and that progress can be measured in terms of how quickly mankind is reaching that goal.
选项
答案
Modern man
解析
这一题讲述第一种观点的内容。录音提到“现代人比其祖先更具智慧且更加文明”,可知答案为Modem man。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/CniO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
______iswrittenbyAlanPoe.
A、OnFriday.B、Afewhourslater.C、Duringthemeeting.D、Whenthefirstbombwasfound.A
In17th-centuryNewEngland,almosteveryonebelievedinwitches.Strugglingtosurviveinavastandsometimesunforgivingland
IsmailKadare,whowasrewardedtheManBooker【M1】______internationalprizeforliteraturethisyear,isthefirst
WhentheCityFreeDeliveryServicebeganinAmerica,allthelettercarriersneededweretheirleathersatchels.But,asthese
RomanticismasaliterarymovementcameintobeinginEnglandearlyinthelatterhalfthe______century.
MorethananyotherpoetLordByronhasbeenidentifiedwithhisownheroeswithChildeHarold,theromantictraveller;withMan
WhichisthecorrectinformationabouttheBest361CollegessurveycarriedoutbythePrincetonReview?
美国华裔子女几乎都走过这样一段路。上初中高中时,特别反感父母给予的中国教育,彼此瞧不起具有中国背景的同代人。这段时间,华裔父母最紧张、最迷失,纷纷检讨自我教育的失败。然而,到了大学,事情却发生变化。做得越过分的孩子,越与有华裔背景的同学交往,不是因为他们与
随机试题
患者,女,77岁。突发剧烈头痛、恶心、呕吐6小时。体检:血压190/110mmHg,口角右偏,左侧鼻唇沟变浅,伸舌左偏,左侧偏瘫。问题1:病变部位可能是
真武汤主治二妙散主治
瘀血的病症特点,哪种说法不准确
外科病人最易发生水和钠代谢紊乱是
根据《中华人民共和国商业银行法》的规定,商业银行破产清算时的财产分配适用下列哪一种顺序?
基金托管人召集基金份额持有人大会,必须披露的事项不包括()。
某工业企业大量生产甲、乙两种产品。该企业采用品种法计算产品成本,适用的增值税税率为13%。2018年5月份,该企业发生的有关经济业务如下:(1)5月份开始生产甲、乙产品,当月投产甲产品270件,耗用材料4800千克;投产乙产品216件,耗用材料
让一个吸烟上瘾的人扮演因吸烟患肺癌而接受治疗的病人,之后他戒了烟。这一情景中对戒烟起作用的主要因素是()
已知三位青年小刘、小陈、小李的年龄各不相同。有人问到年龄时他们分别回答如下:(1)小刘说:“我22岁,比小陈小2岁,比小李大1岁一”(2)小陈说:“我不是年龄最小的,小李比我小3岁,小李是25岁。”(3)小李说:“我比小刘年龄小,小刘23岁,小陈比小
路由器转发分组上根据报文分组的
最新回复
(
0
)