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  3. A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically "proved" by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to have

A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically "proved" by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to have

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问题     A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically "proved" by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to have a vast army of poor and jobless people in order to keep the economy going. Today, hardly anybody would dare to voice this principle. It is generally accepted that nobody should be excluded from the wealth of the nation, either by the laws of nature or by those of society.【F1】The opinions, which were current a hundred years ago, that the poor owed their conditions to their ignorance, or lack of responsibility, are outdated. In all Western industrial countries, a system of insurance has been introduced which guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence in case of unemployment, sickness and old age. I would go one step further and argue that, even if these conditions are not present, everyone has the right to receive the means to subsist. In other words, he can claim this subsistence minimum without having to have any "reason".【F2】I would suggest, however, that it should be limited to a definite period of time, let’s say two years, so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude, which refuses any kind of social obligation.
    This may sound like a fantastic proposal, but so, I think, our insurance system would have sounded to people a hundred years ago. The main objection to such a scheme would be that if each person were entitled to receive minimum support, people would not work. This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature.【F3】Actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.
    【F4】However, the suspicions against a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum are not groundless from the standpoints of those who want to use ownership of capital for the purpose of forcing others to accept the work conditions they offer. If nobody were forced to accept work in order not to starve, work would have to be sufficiently interesting and attractive to induce one to accept it. Freedom of contract is possible only if both parties are free to accept and reject it; in the present capitalist system this is not the case.
    【F5】But such a system would not only be the beginning of real freedom of contract between employers and employees: its principal advantages would be the improvement of freedom in interpersonal relationships in every sphere of daily life.
【F1】
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答案100年前流行的看法认为，应该把穷人的状况归因于他们的无知、缺乏责任心，现在这种观点已经过时了。
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