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  3. Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nye’s ne

Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nye’s ne

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问题     Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nye’s new book. Mr. Nye, a former dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and one-time chairman of America’s National Intelligence Council, is best known for promoting the idea of "soft power", based on persuasion and influences, as a counterpoint to "hard power", based on coercion(强迫)and force.
    Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in policies and diplomacy in his previous books, Mr. Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership, in both the political and business spheres. Machiavelli, he notes, concluded that "one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved." In short, hard power is preferable to soft power. But modern leadership theories have come to the opposite conclusion.
    The context of leadership is changing, they observe, and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated. In modern companies and democracies, power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制)are being undermined, making soft power ever more important. But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion, Mr. Nye argues. Instead, he advocates a synthesis of these two views. The conclusion of The Powers to Lead, his survey of the theory of leadership, is that a combination of hard and soft power, which he calls "smart power", is the best approach.
    The domination theoretical model of leadership at the moment is, apparently, the "transformational leadership pattern". Anyone allergic(反感)to management term will already be running for the exit, but Mr. Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadership into a single, slim volume. He examines different approaches to leadership, the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effectiveness of a particular leader. There are plenty of anecdotes and examples, both historical and contemporary, political and corporate.
    Ales, leadership is a slippery subject, and as he depicts various theories, even Mr. Nye never quite nails the jerry to the wall. He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadership - in particular, the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie - and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions. A recurring theme is that as circumstances change, different sorts of leaders are required, a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another, and vice versa. Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadership offers no easy answers.
In his book The Powers to Lead, Mr. Nye has examined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT______.
选项 A、authority
B、context
C、approaches
D、morality
答案A
解析 本题信息点是Mr．Nye has examined all the following aspects“Mr．Nye研究了哪些方面”。我们可以确定文章中一定有语句涉及该信息点，在阅读查找信息点时我们会找到该信息点出现在文章第四段第三句He examines different approaches to leadership，the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effectiveness of a particular leader．。对该句加以理解我们发现他探讨的话题包括1)different approaches to leadership“不同的领导方法”：2)the morality ofleadership“领导的道德”和3)复杂的大环境如何决定某一个特定的领导者领导力的有效发挥。把这三个研究内容与本题选项对照，我们发现1)因素对应C项；2)因素对应D项：3)因素对应B项。由此确定本题答案为A项。
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