首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families
admin
2011-02-05
45
问题
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle class behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.
Every code of etiquette has contained three elements, basic moral duties, practical rules which promote efficiency and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.
In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents’ presence without asking permission.
Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible, before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot.
Extremely refined behaviour, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behaviour in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France.
Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence liter ature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.
In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behaviour of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.
Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest.
Etiquette as an art of gracious living is quoted as a feature of ______.
选项
答案
wealthy and leisured society
解析
(第五段第一句话明确提到Extremely refined behaviour, however, cultivated as all art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure。wealthy and leisured society富庶而且人民生活得从容悠然的社会。)
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/D3AK777K
本试题收录于:
B类竞赛(英语专业本科专科)题库大学生英语竞赛(NECCS)分类
0
B类竞赛(英语专业本科专科)
大学生英语竞赛(NECCS)
相关试题推荐
中国是世界上种茶最早、制茶最精、饮茶最多的国家,是茶的故乡。最初,茶只是被作为一种药材而非饮品。【T1】后来,古人逐渐将茶从药材中分离出来成为一种清热的饮料。(定语从句)在那之后,中国的茶文化逐渐形成。【T2】据史料记载,西汉时期已经有
Somaybeit’stimetolayoffthefattyandsugarythings.Eatinghealthilymayseemsimple,evenifthesciencebehinditiscom
Peopledidn’tusetothrowthingsaway.Weusedtomendourclothesandweusedtowearshoesuntiltheywereworeout.Whenwebo
Iamoptimisticabouthumanrelationships—inparticular,aboutfriendship.Perhapsyouhaveheardaboutgloomypredictionsabout
WhyarepeoplebuildingtallandnarrowstructuresintheUnitedStates?
ThefollowingnewsitemiscorrectEXCEPT________.
Whatnumbershouldreplacethequestionmarks?
Americansarepeopleobsessedwithchild-rearing.Intheirbooks,magazines,talkshows,parenttrainingcourses,WhiteHousesc
Usingthisalphabet,youmusttrytoidentifyaregularpatterninthelettersgiven.Onceidentifiedyoumustcontinuethispat
Usingthisalphabet,youmusttrytoidentifyaregularpatterninthelettersgiven.Onceidentifiedyoumustcontinuethispat
随机试题
痿病实证的常见病因有
A.痿软舌B.齿痕舌C.胖大舌D.肿胀舌热邪挟酒毒上涌可见
正常前列腺液中不含有的是
关于干扰素,错误的是
会计法律制度是会计职业道德的最高要求。()
我国基础货币由()三部分构成。Ⅰ.金融机构存入中国人民银行的存款准备金Ⅱ.银行卡项下的个人人民币活期储蓄存款Ⅲ.流通中的现金Ⅳ.金融机构的库存现金
秘书盖印章的要领是()。
我国三大诉讼法均规定:人民法院审理案件,以事实为依据,以法律为准绳。这些规定属于法的要素中的
小偷甲在某商场窃得乙的钱包后逃跑,乙发现后急追。甲逃跑中撞上欲借用商场厕所的丙,因商场地板湿滑,丙摔成重伤。下列哪些说法是错误的?()[2012年法考真题]
Allprojectproposalsmustbereceived______e-mailnolaterthanFridayatmidnight.
最新回复
(
0
)