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  3. To avoid the various foolish opinions to which man is liable, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you

To avoid the various foolish opinions to which man is liable, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you

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问题     To avoid the various foolish opinions to which man is liable, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error.
    If the matter is one that can be serried by observation, make the observation yourself. (46)Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don’t is a fatal mistake, to which we are all liable.
    Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. (47)If, like most of mankind, you have strong convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own prejudice. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you subconsciously are aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. (48)The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence justifies.
    For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different opinion. (49)This has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage ’is ’that the method is not subject to the same limitations of time and space. Mahatma Gandhi considered it unfortunate to have railways and steam boats and machinery; he would have liked to undo the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting anyone who holds this opinion, because in Western countries most people take the advantage of modern technology for granted. (50)But if you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might have said in refutation of them. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue. Furthermore, I have frequently found, myself growing, more agreeable through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent.

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答案与同对手进行实际谈话的方法相比较，这一方法有个优点，也是惟一的优点，即这一方法与实际谈话不同，不受时间和空间的限制。
解析 1)(as)compared with与…相比，和…比较起来。例如：The fee is low，compared with that at many other independent schools．(与其他的自负盈亏的学校相比，这里的学费是低的)。2)be subject to服从，以…为条件，受…的支配。例如：We’re subject to the law of the land，(我们必须遵守当地的法律)。
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