首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Basic Cultural Types As business goes global, businessmen have come to find the people in different cultures act quite diffe
Basic Cultural Types As business goes global, businessmen have come to find the people in different cultures act quite diffe
admin
2013-06-12
25
问题
Basic Cultural Types
As business goes global, businessmen have come to find the people in different cultures act quite differently, and that only when they can deal with cultural issues properly can they expect a business success.
It is very important to understand different types of culture in
order to success in 1 ______. 【1】______.
Four-factor framework to define and classify national culture.
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Individualism emphasizes 2 ______, 【2】______.
but collectivism emphasizes sacrificing personal needs.
In an individualist culture, decision making may be quick, but its 3 may be slow.【3】______.
But the opposite is true in a collectivist culture.
High vs. Low Power Distance
Power distance refers to how people view power and their own role in decision making.
In a culture with low power distance, employees will seek 4 ______. 【4】______.
in making decisions, and will be unwilling in accepting decisions
they have made no contribution to. But in a culture with high power distance,
employees will 5 most decisions made by their boss. 【5】______.
High vs. Low Avoidance of Uncertainty
Avoidance of uncertainty refers to a society’s ability m tolerate 6 . 【6】______.
In a culture of high uncertainty avoidance people tend to
give up individual freedom for 7 . 【7】______.
In a culture of low uncertainty avoidance, people may 8 more often. 【8】______.
Masculinity vs. Femininity
This refers to whether a society shows more male or female features.
Societies with masculine values show much aggressiveness and assertiveness,
and value material success.
Societies with feminine values emphasize 9 , and quality of life. 【9】______.
In a feminine culture, the pace of business is slow and calm, and depends
more on personal relationships.
In a masculine culture, business is efficient, and people plan to enjoy 10【10】______.
rather than present working day.
【4】
Basic Cultural
Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. I was told that most of you are either engaged or interested in business, and your participation in this series of lectures indicates that all of you may have realized the importance of culture to success in international business. As our lecture today is the first one, we are going to briefly look at some basic types of culture.
The Dutch researcher and business consultant. Geert Hofstede, has developed a useful framework that illustrates the four major issues that define and classify national cultures. Facts show that each issue has a very real effect on how people process information and interact, either personally or with business colleagues. During the remaining part of the lecture, let’s explore these issues one by one.
First and foremost, we need to look at the conflict between individualism and collectivism. Does a society cherish individualism, the independent thinker, the person who values personal success over group success, or does it function in an orderly fashion only when individuals sacrifice their needs to those of the group? The values that a society holds will determine how an individual defines himself or herself--as free individual or as a member of a group. Determine the answer to this most basic of questions about a society’s cultural values, and you will obtain a valuable clue as to how to proceed in successfully concluding a business negotiation and managing a business relationship in the future.
Understanding the contrast between the group and the individual is very important for business. In an individualist culture, decision making may be more rapid, but the implementation of a change in policy may be much slower than in a collectivist culture. On the other hand, it may take longer to come to a consensus in a collectivist environment, but once the decision is made, implementation is generally quicker.
The second issue in the study of cultural types is power distance. Power distance actually refers to how individuals in a society view power as well as their own role in decision making, In cultures with a low power-distance, individual employees will seek a role in decision-making and question decisions and orders that they have made no contribution. By contrast, in high power distance societies, employees seek no decision-making role. They accept the boss’s decision simply because the boss is the boss and is supposed to give orders. Employees in this kind of cultures need direction and discipline, and they look to management to provide it. In low power distance cultures, workers will accept more responsibility. Low power distance cultures tend to be more individualistic in nature.
OK, so much for the second issue, power distance. Next let’s move on to the third point, uncertainty- a-voidance. It is a measure of a society’s ability to tolerate ambiguity and uncertainty. A Swiss business colleague said that this could be shown in the difference between Switzerland and Germany. Buses and taxis taking visitors from Geneva’s airport to town would repeatedly broadcast the following announcement: "Welcome to Switzerland. Have a good time and remember that in Switzerland everything that is not compulsory is forbidden." In contrast, the Germans hate the idea of uncertainty, and obviously know something about redundancy planning and clearly state behaviors that are forbidden to avoid any uncertainty.
The cultural dimension of uncertainty avoidance is profoundly exhibited in the workplaces of all societies. For instance, in Japan, the high preference for uncertainty avoidance results in employees’ decision to give up individual freedom and mobility in exchange for a guarantee of lifetime employment. But in societies that have a low measure of uncertainty avoidance, people usually value achievement over security, there is a less structured and more free-flowing style of management, but fewer workplace rules than societies with a high measure of un- certainty avoidance. Besides, it’s easy to understand that countries that exhibit low measures of uncertainty--a- voidance generally experience high rates of employment turnover and job mobility.
The last issue in Hofstede’s framework is the contrast between masculinity and femininity, which means whether the society manifests more male features or female features. This dimension speaks to both social values and attitudes. Societies with supposedly "masculine" values appreciate aggressiveness and assertiveness, and respect the goal of material acquisition. The more "feminine" cultures, on the other hand, value interpersonal relationships, put quality of life before material acquisition and actively express concern for the less fortunate.
Understanding this dimension also has important implication for business management. The pace of business tends to be more slow and calm in cultures with a majority of feminine traits. Business hinges more on personal relationships--friends doing business with friends--rather than on pure efficiency and written contracts. In masculine cultures, success is the function of the individual, and society is made up of leaders and followers. If you are a success or a failure- it is the result of your own actions. Business is a more efficient process than in feminine societies and people plan on enjoying their retirement rather than the present working day.
Now it’s time to sum up. In a sense, business success builds on correct understanding of culture in which the business takes place. Hofstede’s proposal seems to have caught the core of cultural difference. In his eyes, culture can be classified in terms of individualism versus collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity versus femininity. So long as we pay attention to these issues, we stand much more possibility to success. So, finally, I hope what I said today can be of use to you in the future. Thank you!
选项
答案
participation/an active role
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Dg4O777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
DavidLandes,authorofTheWealthandPovertyofNations:WhySomeAreSoRichandSome,SoPoor,creditstheworld’seconomic
Languagecomprehensionisgenerallyviewedincognitivetheoryasconsistingofactiveandcomplexprocessesinwhichindividual
SayingthatPabloPicassodominatedWesternartinthe20thcenturyis,bynow,themerestcommonplace.Inhis50thbirthday,th
WhichofthefollowingisTRUEofthepeoplesufferingfromtheaccident?
SimilaritiesandDifferencesbetweenPublicSpeakingandConversationⅠBothPublicSpeakingandConversationneedyouto
Apidginisalanguagewithnonativespeakers:itisnoone’sfirstlanguagebutisacontactlanguage.Itistheproductofa
ChinahassurpassedtheUStobecomethesecond-largestluxurymarketin2009,spendingof$9.4billionandaccountingfor27.5
书籍到了我的手里,我的习惯是先看序文,次看目录。页数不多的往往立刻通读,篇幅大的,只把正文任择一二章节略加翻阅,就插在书架上。除小说外,我少有全体读完的大部的书,只凭了购入当时的记忆,知道某册书是何种性质,其中大概有些什么可取的材料而已。什么书在什么时候再
______,thelargestlakeinNewZealand,wasformedbyanenormousvolcaniceruption26000yearsago.
ThumbsUpTheHitchhiker’sGuidetotheGalaxyisridinghighinthebestsellingfilmchartsandisalsobeingrepeatedasa
随机试题
“蠹众而木折,隙大而墙坏”,我们必须保持惩治腐败的高压态势,做到有案必查、有腐必惩,这种做法的主要哲学依据是()。
Generallyspeaking,aBritishiswidelyregardedasaquiet,shyandconservativepersonwhois【C1】________onlyamongthosewith
A.大细胞性贫血B.正细胞性贫血C.造血不良性贫血D.单纯小细胞性贫血E.小细胞低色素性贫血营养性缺铁性贫血的特点是
在进行桥梁技术状况评定时,桥梁部件划分为()。
甲公司授权其采购员去采购乙公司的某产品100件,采购员拿着甲公司的空白合同与乙公司订立了购买200件某产品的合同,由此发生纠纷后,应当采取的处理方式是()。
进行初始计量时,存货的成本不应包括()。
驱逐出境由宣判法院执行。( )
我国《宪法》所规定的人民行使国家权力的机关是()。
古希腊是西方文明的发源地,古希腊雅典的民主政治则开启了两方民主制度的先河。下列关于雅典民主政治的说法,符合史实的有()。①民主政治时期的雅典没有国王②公民大会是雅典国家的最高决策机构③伯里克利时期,雅典民主政治达到了顶峰④包括妇女在内的
设f(x)=,则∫0+∞f(x)dx=________.
最新回复
(
0
)