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  3. While the news seems to highlight the mounting external and internal pressures that are driving language endangerment, not all

While the news seems to highlight the mounting external and internal pressures that are driving language endangerment, not all

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问题     While the news seems to highlight the mounting
external and internal pressures that are driving language
endangerment, not all languages are endanger. Many languages have  【S1】______
well-establishing oral and literary traditions and are being used for a  【S2】______
wide variety of functions in society. Many other communities, which
have not achieved that status for their languages, are therefore taking  【S3】______
steps to preserve the vitality of their languages by finding new ways of
using them. Ethnologue records and reports data about these aspects of
language use under the rubric of language development.
    The term language development can be used in both an individual
and a societal sense. It is commonly used among psychologists and
educators with inference to the phenomenon of child language  【S4】______
acquisition. Charles Ferguson who defined language development at the  【S5】______
societal level as primarily dealing with three areas of concern;
graphization, standardization and modernization. These development
activities are now generally known as language planning activities,
subsumed special within what is called "corpus planning". More  【S6】______
broadly, Ethnologue defines language development as follows:
Language development is the result of the series of on-going planned
actions that language communities take to assure that they can effectively  【S7】______
use their languages to achieve their social, cultural, political,
economic, and spiritual goals.
    As Ferguson proposed, those planned actions most often consist in  【S8】______
the development of writing systems, and the elaboration of terminology
designed to expand the functions of language in society. Language  【S9】______
development activities may also go well within corpus planning and  【S10】______
cover a broader range of activities including advocacy.
【S5】
选项
答案去掉who
解析 引导词冗余。该句意为“查尔斯-弗格森从社会层面把语言发展定义为主要处理三个方面的事情……。”此句中的defined为动词，充当谓语，故应将who删除。
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