2. 外语
  3. Read the article below about an innovative strategy in business, and the questions on the opposite page. For each question(1

Read the article below about an innovative strategy in business, and the questions on the opposite page. For each question(1

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问题     Read the article below about an innovative strategy in business, and the questions on the opposite page.
    For each question(13-18), mark one letter(A,B,C or D)on your Answer Sheet.
            Innovation Through Co-creation: Consumers Can Be Creative
    A new trend in business and product development is "co-creation". By its very name it implies collaboration between the company and some other entities. In this case it is the consumer who partners in the creation of value. The term "co-creation" is not new, however, but is now receiving more attention—driven largely through the increasing use of the Internet and social media websites—as companies endeavor to differentiate themselves from the competition.
    As management teams drive growth through value creation they are investing heavily in greater product variety through brand or product extensions, in addition to enhancing the ever-increasing brand touch-points. All this is done to produce stronger brand connections. Paradoxically, as this is a common theme across numerous industries, it is resulting in many brands becoming less able to differentiate themselves from their competition. Why is this?
    In the past, the process of value creation was driven almost exclusively within the business. Many business writers have covered this topic, Professors Michael Porter, Peter Drucker and Philip Kottler being among some of the most well-known. The presumption has been that product design and production, the creation of marketing messages and the control of sales channels, could be performed in-house with minimal consumer input. The role of the consumer was seen solely at the end-of-line points of consumer interaction, not during the process of value creation. After all, "... consumers aren’t creative!" is a widely-held belief and often stated comment.
    Secondly, consumer value has been generally defined as the difference between the perceived benefits of the product or service, and the costs of that product or service. This broad definition is singularly unhelpful to managers as they try to come to terms with how value is actually created. Despite the defining words of Austrian-Hungarian economist and Harvard University lecturer Joseph Schumpeter in the 1950s—"One does not make a difference unless it is a difference in people’s lives"—management has struggled to come to terms with the exact role of the consumer in best delivering this " making a difference".
    Even though there is growing acceptance that co-creation may change the way companies view the role of the consumer in the creation of value, much remains unknown about how customers actually engage in co-creation. One of the reasons for this is that co-creation can be interpreted in a number of different ways. IKEA, the Swedish multinational furniture retailer, embraces co-creation at its basic level by having its customers provide their own assembly operation. IKEA benefits by high turnover of products, the consumer benefits from lower costs. Boeing, the aircraft manufacturer, has used both customers(the airlines to whom they sell their planes)and consumers(frequent flyers)in the design of their aircraft.
    In addition to conventional methods of value creation, many companies are starting to adopt the use of social media websites and the blogosphere to develop co-creative initiatives. However, it’s one thing for consumers to voice their views and opinions on social and corporate websites, but for a true co-creation process to work effectively the customer needs to be placed explicitly at the same level of importance as the company, and the process starts with access and transparency.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT about the process of value creation in the past?
选项 A、Only the experts in the industry were able to fulfill the task.
B、It was not well recognised by the renowned business writers.
C、It was well protected as the business secret by the company.
D、Consumers were not able to take part in the process.
答案D
解析 题目意为：“关于以前的价值创新过程说法正确的是哪一项?”由题干中的in the past将答案锁定在第三段，文中提到In the past，the process of value creation was drivenalmost exclusively within the business．以及The role of the consumer was seen solelyat the end-of-line points of consumer interaction，not during the process of valuecreation．由此可以推断，在过去，价值创造的过程几乎是商业内部的事情，顾客无法参与其中。exclusively意为“仅仅，独占地”，故D项(消费者不能参与其中)为答案。
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