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  3. Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nye’s ne

Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nye’s ne

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问题     Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nye’s new book. Mr. Nye, a former dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and one-time chairman of America’s National Intelligence Council, is best known for promoting the idea of "soft power", based on persuasion and influence, as a counterpoint to "hard power", based on coercion and force.
    Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy in his previous books, Mr. Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership, in both the political and business spheres. Machiavelli, he notes, concluded that "one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved." In short, hard power is preferable to soft power. But modern leadership theorists have come to the opposite conclusion.
    The context of leadership is changing, they observe, and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated. In modern companies and democracies, power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies are being undermined, making soft power ever more important. But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion, Mr. Nye argues. Instead, he advocates a synthesis of these two views. The conclusion of The Powers to Lead, his survey of the theory of leadership, is that a combination of hard and soft power, which he calls "smart power", is the best approach.
    The dominant theoretical model of leadership at the moment is, apparently, the "transformational leadership pattern". Anyone allergic to management term will already be running for the exit, but Mr. Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadership into a single, slim volume. He examines different approaches to leadership, the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effectiveness of a particular leader. There are plenty of anecdotes and examples, both historical and contemporary, political and corporate.
    Also, leadership is a slippery subject, and as he depicts various theories, even Mr. Nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall. He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadership— in particular, the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie—and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions. A recurring theme is that as circumstances change, different sorts of leaders are required; a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another, and vice versa. Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadership offers no easy answers.
Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr. Nye?
选项 A、Coercion is widespread.
B、Morality is devalued.
C、Power is no longer concentrated.
D、Traditional hierarchies are strengthened.
答案C
解析 本题关键词是soft power和Mr. Nye，问题是：奈先生认为让软实力变得更重要的原因是什么?答案可以定位到第三段。根据第三段第二句，在现代企业和民主政体中，权力正日益被分散(power is increasingly diffused)，传统等级制逐渐瓦解(traditional hierarchies are being undermined)，这使软实力的重要性与日俱增(making soft power ever more important)。这句话明确地交代了软实力变得更重要的原因。因此，选项C与power is increasingly diffused是相同含义，为正确选项。选项A、D均为正反混淆。选项B来自第四段第三句，奈先生对不同的领导方式、领导的道德问题(the morality of leadership)以及大环境如何决定某一领导者的效力进行了详细的探讨，但并没有提及道德贬值，所以选项B无中生有。第三段：硬实力逐渐过时，奈先生认为“巧实力(硬实力和软实力的结合)”才是最佳领导方式。
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