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  3. Global Warming: Causes, Effects and Solutions What Causes Global Warming? Carbon dioxide and other air pollutants in the

Global Warming: Causes, Effects and Solutions What Causes Global Warming? Carbon dioxide and other air pollutants in the

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问题                              Global Warming: Causes, Effects and Solutions
    What Causes Global Warming?
    Carbon dioxide and other air pollutants in the atmosphere like a thickening blanket, trap the sun’s heat and cause the planet to warm up. Coal-burning power plants are the largest U.S. source of carbon dioxide pollution  they produce 2.5 billion tons every year. Automobiles, the second largest source, create nearly 1.5 billion tons of CO2annually.
    Here’s the good news: Technologies exist today to make cars run cleaner and bum less gas, modernize power plants and generate electricity from nonpolluting sources, and cut our electricity use through energy efficiency. It is sure that these solutions are put to use.
Is the Earth Really Getting Hotter?
    Although local temperatures fluctuate naturally over the past 50 years, the average global temperature has increased at the fastest rate in recorded history. And experts think the trend is accelerating: The 10 hottest years on record have all occurred since 1990. Scientists say that unless we curb global warming emissions, average U.S. temperatures could be 3 to 9 degrees higher by the end of the century.
Are Warmer Temperatures Causing Bad Things to Happen?
    Global warming is already causing damage in many parts of the United States. In 2002, Colorado, Arizona and Oregon endured their worst wildfire seasons ever. The same year, drought created severe dust storms in Montana, Colorado and Kansas, and floods caused hundreds of millions of dollars in damage in Texas, Montana and North Dakota. Since the early 1950s, snow accumulation has declined 60 percent and winter seasons have shortened in some areas of the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington.
    Of course, the impacts of global warming are not limited to the United States. In 2003, extreme heat waves caused more than 20,000 deaths in Europe and more than 1,500 deaths in India. And in what scientists regard as an alarming sign of events to come, the area of the Arctic’s perennial (常年不断的) polar ice cap is declining at the rate of 9 percent per decade.
Is Global Warming Making Hurricanes Worse?
    Global warming doesn’t create hurricanes, but it does make them stronger and more dangerous. Because the ocean is getting warmer, tropical storms can pick up more energy and become more powerful. So global warming could turn, say, a category-3 storm into a much more dangerous category-4 storm. In fact, scientists have found that the destructive potential of hurricanes has greatly increased along with ocean temperature over the past 35 years.
What Are the Possible Consequences of Global Warming?
    Global warming is a complex phenomenon, and its full-scale impacts are hard to predict far in advance. But each year scientists learn more about how global warming is affecting the planet, and many agree that certain consequences are likely to occur if current trends continue. Among these:
     •  Melting glaciers, early snowmelt and severe droughts will cause more dramatic water shortages in the American West.
     •  Rising sea levels will lead to coastal flooding on the Eastern seaboard, in Florida, and in other areas, such as the Gulf of Mexico.
     •  Warmer sea surface temperatures will fuel more intense hurricanes in the southeastern Atlantic and Gulf coasts.
     •  Forests, farms and cities will face troublesome new pests and more mosquito-borne diseases.
     •   Disruption of habitats such as coral reefs and alpine (高山上的) meadows could drive many plant and animal species to extinction.
Could Global Warming Trigger a Sudden Catastrophe?
    Recently, researchers  and even the U.S. Defense Department  have investigated the possibility of abrupt climate change, in which gradual global warming triggers a sudden shift in the Earth’s climate, causing parts of the world to dramatically heat up or cool down in the span of a few years.
   In February 2004, consultants to the Pentagon (五角大楼) released a report laying out the possible impacts of abrupt climate change on national security. In a worst-case scenario, the study concluded, global warming could make large areas of the world uninhabitable and cause massive food and water shortages, sparking widespread migrations and war.
    While this prospect remains highly speculative, many of global warming’s effects are already being observed and felt. And the idea that such extreme change is possible underscores the urgent need to start cutting global warming pollution.
What Country Is the Largest Source of Global Warming Pollution?
    The United States is the largest source of global warming pollution. Though Americans make up just 4 percent of the world’s population, we produce 25 percent of the carbon dioxide pollution from fossil-fuel burning—by far the largest share of any country. In fact, the United States emits more carbon dioxide than China, India and Japan, combined. Clearly America ought to take a leadership role in solving the problem. And as the world’s top developer of new technologies, we are well positioned to do so we already have the know-how.
How Can We Cut Down Global Warming Pollution?
    It’s simple: by reducing pollution from vehicles and power plants. Right away, we should put existing technologies for building cleaner cars and more modem electricity generators into widespread use. We can increase our reliance on renewable energy sources such as wind, sun and geothermal (土热). And we can manufacture more efficient appliances and conserve energy.
Why Aren’t These Technologies More Commonplace Now?
     While the technologies exist, the corporate and political will to put them into widespread use does not. Many companies in the automobile and energy industries put pressure on the White House and Congress to halt or delay new laws or regulations or even to stop enforcing existing rules that would drive such changes. From requiring catalytic converters to improving gas mileage, car companies have fought even the smallest measure to protect public health and the environment. If progress is to be made, the American people will have to demand it.
Do We Need New Laws Requiring Industry to Cut Emissions of Global Warming Pollution?
    The Bush administration is promoting an initiative in which energy companies cut emissions only if they choose to do so. As the past 10 years have clearly shown, though, voluntary programs do not stop the growth of emissions. Proposals to cap emissions of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping pollutants from America’s largest sources power plants, industrial facilities, and transportation fuels are gaining support in Congress.
    Stricter efficiency requirements for electric appliances will also help reduce pollution. One example is the 30 percent tighter standard now in place for home central air conditioners and heat pumps, a Clinton-era achievement that will prevent the emission of 51 million metric tons of carbon—the equivalent of taking 34 million cars off the road for one year. The new rule survived a Bush administration effort to weaken it when, in January 2004, a federal court sided with an NRDC-led coalition and reversed the administration’s rollback.
Is It Possible to Cut Power Plant Pollution and Still Have Enough Electricity?
    Yes. First, we must use more efficient appliances and equipment in our homes and offices to reduce our electricity needs. We can also phase out the decades-old, coal-burning power plants that generate most of our electricity and replace them with cleaner plants. And we can increase our use of renewable energy sources such as wind and sun. Some states are moving in this direction: California has required its largest utilities to get 20 percent of their electricity from renewable sources by 2017, and New York has pledged to compel power companies to provide 25 percent of the state’s electricity from renewable sources by 2013.
How Can We Cut Car Pollution?
    Cost-effective technologies to reduce global warming pollution from cars and light trucks of all sizes are available now. There is no reason to wait and hope that hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will solve the problem in the future. Hybrid (混合的) gas-electric engines can cut global warming pollution by one-third or more today; hybrid sedans, SUVs and trucks from several automakers are already on the market.
    But automakers should be doing a lot more: They’ve used a legal loophole to make SUVs far less fuel efficient than they could be; the popularity of these vehicles has generated a 20 percent increase in transportation-related carbon dioxide pollution since the early 1990s. Closing this loophole and requiring SUVs, minivans and pick-up trucks to be as efficient as cars would cut 120 million tons of carbon dioxide pollution a year by 2010. If automakers used the technology they have right now to raise fuel economy standards for new cars and light trucks to a combined 40 m.p.g., carbon dioxide pollution would eventually drop by more than 650 million tons per year as these vehicles replaced older models.
______are used by several automakers to produce hybrid sedans, SUVs and trucks, which help cut global warming pollution.
选项
答案Hybrid gas electric engines
解析
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