首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
While no woman has been President of the United States,yet the world does have several thousand years’ worth of experience with
While no woman has been President of the United States,yet the world does have several thousand years’ worth of experience with
admin
2011-02-11
76
问题
While no woman has been President of the United States,yet the world does have several thousand years’ worth of experience with female leaders. And I have to acknowledge it: Their historical record puts men’s to shame.
A notable share of the great leaders in history have been women: Queen Hatshepsut and Cleopatra of Egypt,Empress Wu Zetian of China,Isabella of Castile,Queen Elizabeth I of England,Catherine the Great of Russia,and Maria Theresa of Austria. Granted,I’m neglecting the likes of Bloody Mary,but it’s still true that those women who climbed to power in monarchies had an astonishingly high success rate.
Research by political’ psychologists points to possible explanations. Scholars find that women,compared with men,tend to excel in consensus-building and certain other skills useful in leadership. If so,why have female political leaders been so much less impressive in the democratic era? Margaret Thatcher was a transformative figure,but women have been mediocre prime ministers or presidents in countries like Sri Lanka,India,Bangladesh,Pakistan,the Philippines and Indonesia. Often,they haven’t even addressed the urgent needs of women in those countries.
I have a pet theory about what’s going on.
In monarchies,women who rose to the top dealt mostly with a narrow elite,so they could prove themselves and get on with governing. But in democracies in the television age,female leaders also have to navigate public prejudices and these make democratic politics far more challenging for a woman than for a man.
In one common experiment,the "Goldberg paradigm," people are asked to evaluate a particular article or speech,supposedly by a man. Others are asked to evaluate the identical presentation,but from a woman. Typically,in countries all over the world,the very same words are rated higher coming from a man.
In particular,one lesson from this research is that promoting their own successes is a helpful strategy for ambitious men. But experiments have demonstrated that when women highlight their accomplishments,that’s a turn-off. And women seem even more offended by self-promoting females than men are.
This creates a huge challenge for ambitious women in politics or business: If they’re self-effacing,people find them unimpressive,but if they talk up their accomplishments,they come across as. pushy braggarts.
The broader conundrum is that for women,but not for men,there is a tradeoff in qualities associated with top leadership. A woman can be perceived as competent or as likable,but not both.
"It’s an uphill struggle,to be judged both a good woman and a good leader,"said Rosabeth Moss Kanter,a Harvard Business School professor who is an expert on women in leadership. Professor Kanter added that a pioneer in a man’s world,like Hillary Rodham Clinton,also faces scrutiny on many more dimensions than a man--witness the public debate about Mrs. Clinton’s allegedly "thick ankles,"or the headlines last year about cleavage.
Clothing and appearance generally matter more for women than for men,research shows. Surprisingly,several studies have found that it’s actually a disadvantage for a woman to be physically attractive when applying for a managerial job. Beautiful applicants received lower ratings,apparently because they were subconsciously pegged as stereotypically female and therefore unsuited for a job as a boss.
Female leaders face these impossible judgments all over the world. An M. I. T. economist,Esther Duilo,looked at India,which has required female leaders in one-third of village councils since the mid-1990s. Professor Duflo and her colleagues found that by objective standards,the women ran the villages better than men. For example,women constructed and maintained wells better,and took fewer bribes.
Yet ordinary villagers themselves judged the women as having done a worse job,and so most women were not re-elected. That seemed to result from simple prejudice. Professor Duflo asked villagers to listen to a speech,identical except that it was given by a man in some cases and by a woman in others. Villagers gave the speech much lower marks when it was given by a woman.
Such prejudices can be overridden after voters actually see female leaders in action. While the first ones received dismal evaluations,the second round of female leaders in the villages were rated the same as men. "Exposure reduces prejudice," Professor Duflo suggested.
Women have often quipped that they have to be twice as good as men to get anywhere--but that,fortunately,is not difficult. In fact,it appears that it may be difficult after all. Modern democracies may empower deep prejudices and thus constrain female leaders in ways that ancient monarchies did not.
It can be inferred from the passage that prejudice against female leaders
选项
A、is impossible to be eliminated among the general public.
B、can be eliminated when objective standards are given.
C、can be overcome when people have knowledge of their real accomplishments.
D、is the only reason why female leaders are less impressive in democratic era.
答案
C
解析
推断题。文章第十二段至第十四段主要内容是关于印度村委会女性领导者由于村民偏见所受到不客观评价。第十四段指出:Such prejudices can be overridden after voters actually see female leaders in action.由此可知,当参与投票选举的村民真正看到了女性领导者的政绩时,偏见才能消除,故[C]为答案。据此, [A]指出大众对于女性领导者的偏见不可能消除,过于绝对,故排除。文章第十二、三段援引杜弗罗教授观点时指出,以公正客观的考察标准来看,女性领导者在治理村庄方面优于男性。然而,村民们却持相反意见,认为女性领导们表现差强人意。由此可见,即使面对客观标准,仍无法消除大众偏见,故排除[B] 纵观全文,虽然大众偏见使民主政治对女性的挑战远远高于男性,但不能因此确定这是民主时期熠熠生辉的女性政治领袖寥寥无几的唯一原因,[D]选项过于绝对,故排除。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/EAeO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
A、JapanesePrimeMinisterKoizumi’svisitingTokyo’sYasukuniShrine.B、SomeJapanesepeople’sactionsandremarkstowardstheh
DavidLandes,authorofTheWealthandPovertyofNations:WhySomeAreSoRichandSomeSoPoor,creditstheworld’seconomica
Inacompetitiveandfast-pacedmodernsociety,busybusinessexecutivesaresoengrossingintheirworkthattheyhardlyknow
ThehistoryofEnglishisusuallydividedinto______majorperiods.
1Betweenabout1910and1930,newartisticmovementsinEuropeanartweremakingthemselvesfeltintheUnitedStates.Amer
1Aboutthetimethatschoolsandothersquitereasonablybecameinterestedinseeingtoitthatallchildren,whateverthei
Linguisticsuse______torefertotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbythemembersofaspeechcommunity.
人类自有文化就有文化交流。人类文化整体来说,是各国、各国民族文化汇聚,交流的产物。现代国际间的文化交流,更是以空前的规模、内容、形式和手段,在直接间接地进行着。当今的世界,既非丝绸之路时代,亦非马可波罗时代。从上海去东京,只需两个多小时,相当于从北京到杭州
IntroductionLinguisticshasbothpracticalandphilosophicalmotivations.Soboththefirstandsecondeditionsofthistex
IntroductionLinguisticshasbothpracticalandphilosophicalmotivations.Soboththefirstandsecondeditionsofthistex
随机试题
A.五行相生B.五行相克C.五行相乘D.五行相侮抑强扶弱治则的确立,是依据
扭剪型高强螺栓连接副件的抽样套数为()。
室外地下管道的敷设方法可分为开槽施工和不开槽施工。开槽施工程序包括()。
钢纤维喷射混凝土具有()等特点。
智能化建筑主要可以分为三大系统,其中不包括()
对“幸福”的理解因人而异。请仿照示例,将下面作品中两个人物的话补写完整,表达人物对“幸福”的理解。要求:①符合人物的思想性格。②句式相近,每句话补写的字数不超过30字。示例:《守财奴》中的葛朗台说:我的幸福就是金子,守住金库的钥匙,就守住了我的幸
电影分级制度主要是从保护青少年的角度出发来制定的,根据电影内容的不同,可以对青少年观影起到指导作用。另一方面,分级制也是为了保护电影创作者,因为电影的文艺作品属性,难免有一些涉及人性阴暗面、性、暴力或其他争议元素的内容,对未成年人而言,这些内容可能是不宜观
已知m为整数,且12<m<40.若方程x2-2(m+1)x+m2=0的两个根都是整数,则m=______.
价值类型
A、Ithasaloungeformembers.B、Ithasafancyrestaurant.C、Itisnewlyopenedthisyear.D、Itispopularamonggirls.A男士问女士健
最新回复
(
0
)