首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Communicating with Strangers I. The concept of the stranger and the definition of strangeness: A. Strangeness and familiarity
Communicating with Strangers I. The concept of the stranger and the definition of strangeness: A. Strangeness and familiarity
admin
2022-01-23
53
问题
Communicating with Strangers
I. The concept of the stranger and the definition of strangeness:
A. Strangeness and familiarity make up a【T1】_______.
B. Strangers are those at the most【T2】__________.
C. Communication involves predicting others’ responses.
D. Communicating with strangers involves【T3】___________,
II. Communicative predictions based on data from three levels:
A.【T4】______level—dominant values or norms
B. Sociocultural level—【T5】__________
C. Psychocultural level—individuals’【T6】______
III. The process of【T7】_____________
A. Definition: a【T8】______process
- grouping particulars into categories based on similarities.
- distinguishing individuals from categories.
B. Communication with strangers relies on
【T9】______.
C. Strategies to improve effective communication with strangers:
- Be aware of【T10】___________particular individuals from their stereotypical categories.
- Do not rely on familiar scripts and norms.
-【T11】___________________accordingly.
IV. Some【T12】______to reduce uncertainty and anxiety
A. How to gain more information about the stranger:
-【T13】______________.
- Seek information from the stranger’s friends or from books.
-【T14】_______with the stranger and ask questions directly.
B. Uncertainty accompanied by high levels of anxiety.
C. Anxieties can be reduced
- by paying more conscious attention to the
【T15】______.
- by gathering more information on the stranger.
【T14】
Communicating with Strangers
Good morning, today’s lecture on communicating with strangers is the first of the series of lectures under the general topic — intercultural communication. Every day, we communicate the way we do because we are raised in a particular culture and learn its language, rules, and norms. Different cultures and subcultures may have different rules and norms. Therefore, understanding the other’s culture facilitates cross-cultural communication. All communication occurs between people who have varying degrees of familiarity with each other. The key factor in understanding intercultural communication is the concept of the stranger and the definition of strangeness.
First, strangeness and familiarity make up a continuum. We use the term "stranger" to refer to those people at the most unfamiliar end of the continuum. Thus anyone could be considered a stranger, given a sufficiently foreign context. A stranger has limited knowledge of their new environment — of its norms and values. And in turn, the locals have little knowledge of the stranger — of his or her beliefs, interests and habits. Generally speaking, communication with another involves predicting or anticipating their responses. When communicating with someone familiar we are usually confident in our anticipation, and may not even notice that we are making such predictions. In contrast, when we communicate with strangers we are more aware of the range of their possible responses, and of the uncertainty of our predictions.
But where do our predictions come from? Communicative predictions are based on data from three levels. First is the cultural level. This level involves information about the other’s culture, its dominant values and norms. This is often the only level of information available when communicating with a stranger. Even so, a better understanding of the stranger’s culture yields better predictions. The second level of information is sociocultural. This includes data about the other’s group membership, or the groups to which they seek to belong. This type of information is the predominant data used in intracultural communication. Finally there is psychocultura/data. This is information about the individual’s characteristics, and is the sort of data most relevant to communication with friends.
Then, how do we process the prediction data when we communicate with strangers? The answer is that we understand such data by the process of social cognition. Social cognition is a dialectical process which involves both grouping particulars into categories based on their similarities, and of distinguishing individuals from their categories based on their differences. Communication with strangers often relies too heavily on categorization or stereotyping. Such stereotypes may be inaccurate, or may not apply to the present individual. To improve communication with strangers we must pay attention to their unique, individual features. Effective communication with strangers requires an increased awareness of our communication behaviors. First, we tend to categorize things automatically, and so we are less aware of doing it. It takes more of our conscious awareness to differentiate particular individuals from their stereotypical categories. Second, much of our daily communication follows familiar scripts, and so we are not consciously aware of that communication behavior. We cannot rely on such familiar scripts and norms when communicating with a stranger. Our communication will be improved if we recognize that familiar scripts do not apply, and seek to modify our communication behaviors accordingly.
Finally, we need to talk about some ways to reduce people’s uncertainty and anxiety during their communication with strangers. Generally, in communication, we seek to reduce uncertainty. Communication with strangers involves relatively greater degrees of uncertainty, due to the difficulty in predicting a stranger’s responses. We experience uncertainty with regard to the stranger’s attitudes, feelings and beliefs. We are also uncertain of how to explain the stranger’s behavior. Motivation to reduce this uncertainty is more acute when we expect to have further interactions with the stranger, or when they are a potential source of benefit.
We may reduce our uncertainty and increase the accuracy of our predictions by gaining more information about the stranger. There are three basic strategies for gathering such information. One may passively observe the stranger. One may actively seek out information from other friends of the stranger, or from books. Finally, one may seek information directly from the stranger by interacting with them and asking questions. Also, offering information about one’s self often prompts reciprocal offerings of information from another.
The increased uncertainty in interactions with strangers is accompanied by higher levels of anxiety, as we anticipate a wider array of possible negative outcomes. We may worry about damage to our self-esteem from feeling confused and out of control. We may fear the possibility of being incompetent, or being exploited. We may worry about being perceived negatively by the stranger. And we may worry that interacting with a stranger will bring disapproval from members of our own group. Generally these anxieties can be reduced by paying more conscious attention to the communication process, and by gathering more information on the stranger. Generally, individuals tend to explain their own behavior by reference to the situation. Observers tend to attribute an individual’s behavior to elements of that individual’s character. When interacting with strangers we are especially likely to attribute their behavior to their character, and then to view their character as typical of their culture or race, etc. That is, we are especially likely to interpret a stranger’s behavior in light of our stereotypes about what "those kind of people" are like. As a result, consciously focusing on the communication process itself is an effective solution so as to gather more information about the stranger and hence to lower the level of anxiety.
Finally, let’s review the basic concepts covered in today’s lecture. First, we talked about the concept of the stranger and definition of strangeness. Communicating with strangers involve uncertain predictions of their responses. Second, we discussed where communicative predictions come from and how they are processed during communication. And the last concerns our suggestions on some strategies to reduce people’s uncertainty and anxiety during their communication with strangers.
选项
答案
Interact
解析
细节题。可以根据讲座原文“Finally, one may seek information directly from the stranger by interacting with them and asking questions.”直接得出答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/EOIK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
A、Anexperiencedteacher.B、Afriendofthetargetlanguage.C、Aregularlearningprogram.D、Aninborntalentoflanguage.C对话中,
PASSAGETWOHowdidtheauthorthinkofthebookonthedifferencesbetweenAmericanandBritishEnglish?
CharacteristicsqfAmericanCultureI.PunctualityA.Goingtothetheater:be【T1】______twentyminutesprior【T1】______B.
Working-classfamiliesintheUnitedStatesareusuallynuclear,andmanystudiesindicatethatworking-classcouplesmarryfor
HowtoWriteaBookReviewI.ThedefinitionofabookreviewA.adescriptiveandcriticalorevaluativeaccountofabookB.a
Properarrangementofclassroomspaceisimportanttoencouraginginteraction.Today’scorporationshirehumanengineeringspec
Properarrangementofclassroomspaceisimportanttoencouraginginteraction.Today’scorporationshirehumanengineeringspec
Psychologistshavemanytheoriestoexplainhowwerememberinformation.Themostinfluentialtheoryisthatmemoryworksasak
(1)Thewinnertakesall,asiswidelysupposedincomputingcircles.Indeed,geekshavecoinedaword,"Googlearchy",forthewa
随机试题
对人体辐射损伤最小的影像学检查是
在口腔健康流行病学抽样调查中,某省的龋均(12岁)为3.0,根据WHO龋病流行程度的评价指标应为()
A.色谱定性分析B.色谱系统柱效的计算C.色谱定量分析D.色谱分离度计算E.色谱峰对称性的考察
互通式立交间距确定的主要依据是()。
根据增值税法律制度的规定,下列关于小规模纳税人销售自己使用过的固定资产计征增值税适用征收率的表述中,正确的是()。
客观事物是不断发展的,人类的社会实践也是不断发展的,与此相适应,人类对于客观事物的规律和人类实践的规律的认识,也是不断地发展、上升和深化的。马克思主义的发展史,就是对于自然、社会和人类思维发展规律的认识不断深化的历史;中国共产党诞生以来八十多年的历史就是对
当前,网约车、出租车、物流配送等行业都可在后台对车辆进行跟踪、调度,不仅能合理分布车辆,还能以最快的速度响应用户的乘车或配送请求,降低能源消耗,节省运行成本。对车辆进行跟踪、调度所运用的技术是:
一位著名的歌手获得了一场诉讼的胜利。这位著名歌手控告一家广告公司在一则广告里使用了由另一名歌手对一首众所周知的由该著名歌手演唱的歌曲进行的翻唱版本。这场诉讼的结果使得广告公司将停止在广告中使用模仿者的版本。因此,由于著名歌手的演唱费用比他们的模仿者高,所以
Punishmentforviolatingmoralrulesismuchmorecommonthanrewardforfollowingthem;thus,______therulesgoesalmost_____
ThethreePuritantraditionsare______.
最新回复
(
0
)