2. 自考
  3. Constructed languages, also known as artificial, planned or invented languages, are usually designed for a specific purpose. The

Constructed languages, also known as artificial, planned or invented languages, are usually designed for a specific purpose. The

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问题     Constructed languages, also known as artificial, planned or invented languages, are usually designed for a specific purpose. There are several types of constructed languages, depending on the use. People have created artificial languages to improve communication between speakers, for creative purposes as in writing and films about fantasy worlds, to revive dead languages, and to talk to and instruct computers.
    Constructed languages differ from others because their entire structure, including grammar, vocabulary, and phonology (sound system) have been planned deliberately. Constructed languages can be built by existing languages, or based on entirely new principles.
    Constructed languages that are created with entirely new elements, such as sound symbols or numbers, and then given meanings, are known as "a priori" languages. Examples of "a priori" languages are fictional languages like Sindarin or Elvish, created by JRR Tolkien, or the languages spoken in the TV series Game of Thrones directed by Alan Taylor and three others.
    Because the purposes behind the creation of constructed languages are so varied, they are very different from each other. Here are some familiar examples of constructed languages.
    Esperanto was created in the late 19th century with the purpose of improving communicate of between people of different nationalities. It is an artificial language, made by combining features of several European languages. An estimated two million people speak Esperanto today, and it is recognized as an auxiliary (辅助的) language by the United Nations.
    Sindarin or Elvish is one of the fictional languages created by fantasy writer JRR Tolkien for some of the peoples who inhabited Middle Earth. Tolkien was a specialist in Old Norse literature as well as an enthusiastic linguist. He based the languages of Middle Earth on Celtic models and also on the medieval Icelandic of the Sagas (长篇故事).
    Viewers of Game of Thrones will be familiar with Dothraki and Valyrian. These are based on a small number of words in the books of George R. R. Martin, on which the series is based. Both languages were developed by David Peterson from the Language Creation Society.
    Computer languages are used to communicate with computers and for computers to communicate with each other. They include programming languages, as well as languages used for machine learning. Machine learning can be used to teach computers to use techniques like data mining and statistical (统计学的) pattern recognition for practical functions like speech recognition, web search and virtual assistants.
Who works with the Language Creation Society?
选项 A、JRR Tolkien.
B、Alan Taylor.
C、David Peterson.
D、George R. R. Martin.
答案C
解析 事实细节题。由第七段最后一句话可知，Dothraki和Valyrian这两种语言都是由语言创造协会的David Peterson开发的。故选C。
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