2. 考研
  3. [A] A unified vision of nature’s laws [B] Creativity in science and art [C] Faith in experience [D] Fulfillment of h

[A] A unified vision of nature’s laws [B] Creativity in science and art [C] Faith in experience [D] Fulfillment of h

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问题     [A] A unified vision of nature’s laws
    [B] Creativity in science and art
    [C] Faith in experience
    [D] Fulfillment of human potential
    [E] Interdisciplinary science
    [F] The nature of genius
    [G] Visualized knowledge
                                                        The Mind of Leonardo Da Vinci
    Across the centuries, each generation has interpreted Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452-1519) , finding him to be remarkably modern. At the 500th anniversary of his death (May 2, 2019) we can consider Leonardo’s meaning in our era. Our fundamental nature as human beings has not changed in 500 years, but our environment has transformed at an extraordinary rate, along with our perspectives on his accomplishments—and our own.
    【D1】____________________________________
    Leonardo’s science was grounded in the Aristotelian world as shaped by 18 centuries of interpreters. He developed a system of what he called the four powers of nature : movement, weight, force and percussion. Although he struggled to define these concepts, and many of the ideas are archaic, it is telling that he developed a coherent model for all natural phenomena ranging from the macrocosm to the microcosm.
    I believe he was excited about his conception of the four powers and how they informed his art and science. We are on a similar kind of path today, seeking the grand unification of the laws of physics as we study natural phenomena from subatomic particles to the history of the universe. Few of us extend this attempt at unification to the arts as well.
    【D2】____________________________
    To Leonardo, vision is the noblest of the senses and of paramount importance, and his passion for vision was extreme. "The eye is the window of the human body through which the soul views and enjoys the beauties of the world. " he writes in his Paragone ( comparison of the arts) . To Leonardo, painting was a science, and the creative act of painting is useful to visualize the world. As an anatomist and physiologist he decided at one point that the sense of vision is so important that it must be mediated by its own brain region, the"imprensiva.
    【D3】____________________________
    Leonardo was most comfortable relying on his senses as the basis of meaningful experience. "To me it seems that those sciences are vain and full of error which are not born of experience, firsthand experience which in its origins, or means, or end has passed through one of the five senses. And if we doubt the certainty of everything which passes through the senses, how much more ought we to doubt things contrary to these senses such as the existence of god or of the soul or similar things over which there is always dispute and contention," he writes in his Treatise on Painting. For Leonardo, this faith in experience was largely visual. In the 21st century we understand we cannot derive all knowledge from sensory experience, and many us studying genomes or otherwise using computers have encountered the limits of empiricism. Confronted with today’s world, no doubt Leonardo would have been brilliant at visualizing information.
    【D4】____________________________
    Leonardo’s thinking was interdisciplinary. When he injected wax into the brain or into the heart to make casts of the inner workings of the body, he was borrowing the " lost wax" technique familiar to sculptors. When he studied friction and invented roller bearings and ball bearings he reasoned that frictional resistance differs according to the nature of the surfaces in contact, and increases in direct proportion to load, and he even estimated (for the first time) a coefficient of friction. But he went further to realize its relevance not just to machines but to the movements of tendons over bones; to the creation of heat by the heart;and to the production of voice by the friction of air on the vocal cords.
    【D5】____________________________
    Creativity is productivity marked by imagination. Creativity is as basic to art as to science. We can be creative as teachers, as students, as writers and readers. We can appreciate the many facets of Leonardo’s creativity, and it can inspire us today.
    Leonardo combined science, art and engineering in a unique way. In his time "scientia" referred to knowledge while "ars" referred to manual proficiency. The modern distinction between the sciences and humanities, famously described by C. P. Snow, did not exist as it does today. For Leonardo, the artist’s creative, noble purpose is to depict the natural world. The artist must understand the entire world as a scientist would.
【D3】
选项
答案C
解析 [解析]这段指出，列奥纳多最擅于依靠感官作为可靠经验(experience)的基础。第二句指出，“在我看来，这些科学似乎是徒劳的，充满了错误，这些错误不是从经验(experience)中产生的，不是来自直接经验(experience)，这些经验(experience)的起源、手段或目的都是通过五种感官中的一种来实现的。”故此处小标题为[C]。
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