首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Planning and People In all kinds of organizations--companies, schools, hospitals, etc. --decisions appear correct in theory
Planning and People In all kinds of organizations--companies, schools, hospitals, etc. --decisions appear correct in theory
admin
2010-08-21
29
问题
Planning and People
In all kinds of organizations--companies, schools, hospitals, etc. --decisions appear correct in theory but do not work in practice. There are many reasons for this. To illustrate the problems involved we will consider four cases where different decisions have to be taken.
Case No. 1
The manager of a shipping company was interested in using large metal containers for the company’s cargo instead of conventional methods of loading and unloading. He discovered that the use of containers was less expensive and quicker than conventional methods. More cargo could be sent at one time and delays on the way were shorter. The only major disadvantage (apart from the initial cost of the containers) was that not all ships could take them. However, the manager believed that his company could find enough ships for their containers. His plan to use containers was adopted by the board of directors. Unfortunately, however, it was never put into practice. The dockers heard about the plan and did not like it. The reason was that the containers would make about a quarter of the dockers redundant. The plan was killed.
The comparison of containers with conventional methods is shown in the following table.
Case No. 2
A solar pump was built in a small desert village. The pump used the desert’s most common resource-sunlight, to increase its greatest necessity-water. Solar collectors were used to collect the sun’s rays. Flat collectors can be stationary and do not have moving parts which can be broken in sand storms. The system used the 20 degree centigrade temperature difference between the solar collectors and the ground water to work a gas expansion engine which pumped water from under the ground.
Some of the social effects of the new pumps were planned for. Children aged 6 to15 used to bring the water from wells, where they met the old men of the village and received informal education from them. In order to replace this, a school was also included in the project. But the project had not considered the traditional power structure of the village. As soon as the foreign experts left, the two richest men in the village took control of the pump and started selling water to everyone else. The result was that the majority of people were poorer than before.
Case No. 3
In 1946 there was a program in the Rio Grande valley to substitute hybrid corn for the native corn. The native corn was of poor nutritional quality and gave a poor quantity of grain while the hybrid corn was of excellent quality and gave about three times as large a crop as the native variety. In the first year half of the 84 farmers in the village planted hybrid corn and doubled the corn production. Three years later, however, only three farmers planted hybrid corn. The others were planting the traditional variety. At the beginning of the project the program leader studied the ecology of the area and showed films demonstrating the superiority of the new corn. The farmers agreed that the hybrid corn had great advantages. The size of the crop confirmed these advantages. Why did they stop planting it? The answer was simple: their wives did not like it. They complained that it wasn’t good for cooking and they didn’t like the flavor.
Case No. 4
The manager of a large office building had received many complaints about the lift service in the building. He engaged a group of engineers to study the situation and make recommendations for improvement. The engineers suggested two alternative solutions:
1. adding more lifts of the same types;
2. replacing the existing lifts by faster ones.
The manager decided that both alternative solutions were too expensive. So the firm’s psychologist offered to study the problem. He noticed that many people arrived at their offices feeling angry and impatient. The reason they gave was the length of time they had to wait for the lift. However, the psychologist was impressed by the fact that they had only had to wait a relatively short time. It occurred to him that the reason for their annoyance was the fact they had to stand by the lifts inactive. He suggested a simple, inexpensive solution to the manager. This was adopted and complaints stopped immediately. The solution was to place a large mirror next to the lifts.
Three of these cases show failure, and one success. What conclusions can be made about the decision involved? First, in any decision, some considerations are more relevant than others. It is a mistake to attempt to, solve a problem in engineering terms when the problem is a psychological one. Similarly, it is wrong to concentrate on the social effects of a new invention if it is mechanically inadequate. It is a mistake to attempt to improve one part of a system if the whole system has to be changed.
Secondly, there is a more fundamental question. A solution may be technically very crude but will work because people are enthusiastic about it. Some projects predict negative human reactions but are unable to persuade people that the project is right. Other projects fail because of indifference--people neither like it nor dislike it-they just do not think it is necessary. A project will be successful only if the people involved believe that it is necessary and valuable for their own lives.
Some people believe that in these cases the plans are right but the people are wrong. History, however, has shown this belief to be dangerous.
The plan of the manager of a shipping company to use containers was rejected by the board of directors because the plan was strongly opposed by the dockers.
选项
A、Y
B、N
C、NG
答案
B
解析
文章第二段中提到使用集装箱的建议被董事会采纳了。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Eq7K777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
Astudyofpeoplewhousedcellphonesforanaverageoflessthanthreeyearsfoundnoevidencethedevicescausebraincancer.
Astudyofpeoplewhousedcellphonesforanaverageoflessthanthreeyearsfoundnoevidencethedevicescausebraincancer.
A、Cryingistheonlywaytorelievestress.B、Girlscryabouttwiceasoftenasboys,C、Boyscrymorefrequentlythangirlbabie
Americanculturehasnotbeenimmunetoculturalinfluencesfromoutside.TheideaofdemocracycamefromtheancientGreeks;th
Britainwasawealthycountry.Therewereafewveryrichpeoplewhoreceivedmoneyfromlandor【B1】______,anddidnotneedt
Fewerandfewerworkersexpecttospendtheirworkinglivesinthesamefield,____________(更不用说在同一家公司了).
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUnion,tobevotedonbytheEU’sCouncilofMinister
SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey’sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUnion,tobevotedonbytheEU’sCouncilofMinister
GrowingnumbersofGermansarebecomingaddictedtotext-messaging,aGermandoctorhaswarned,【B1】______therearesome380,00
Awarmerworldisgoingtobeasickerworldforeverythingfromtreestomarinelifetopeople,accordingtoanewreportbya
随机试题
阅读《马伶传》中的一段文字,然后回答下列问题。异哉!马伶之自得师也。夫其以李伶为绝技,无所干求,乃走事昆山,见昆山犹之见分宜也,以分宜教分宜,安得不工哉?呜乎!耻其技之不若,而去数千里,为卒三年。倘三年犹不得,即犹不归尔。其志如此,技之工又须问耶?简
A.头低卧位B.高半坐卧位C.低半坐卧位D.侧卧位E.平卧位胃大部切除术全麻清醒后,病人应采取的体位是
L-ASP治疗ALL时的主要不良反应不包括
2008年2月7日,在河南郑州农村某田野上,几个放羊人在火堆旁烤火。突然,从火堆里发出巨响,村民王德龙被炸伤了眼睛。原来,是在场的少年武小军捡到一只蜡烛般大小的鞭炮,他两次将鞭炮埋入火堆中,从而引起爆炸。武小军的父亲将王德龙送往医院,并为其支付了4000多
银行如果让质押贷款的资金存放在借款人在本行的活期存款账户上,会面临()。
留置担保的范围包括()。
W是纺织厂女工,三年前丈夫突然提出离婚,之后就没有了去向。W在极度悲伤中与刚上初中的女儿开始了单亲的生活。因为不愿昕到外人议论自己婚姻的变故,W每天除上班之外就关起门守在家里看着女儿读书。W变得对周围的一切非常敏感,工间吃饭她自己单独躲在一边吃自己带的简单
2012年3月,宋某与金某共同成立了一家合伙企业。但该企业成立后不久即陷入经营困境,至2012年6月1日,已欠银行贷款12万元。2012年6月2日,宋某的朋友刘某入伙。刘某人伙后,金某因其故意行为给合伙企业带来巨大损失。对此,宋某和刘某决定将金某从合伙
对洋务派兴办洋务事业的指导思想最先作出比较完整表述的是()。
选择题要编好题干,也要编好选项。必须注意()
最新回复
(
0
)