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  3. People do not have secret trolleys at the supermarket, so how can it be a violation of their privacy if a grocer sells their pur

People do not have secret trolleys at the supermarket, so how can it be a violation of their privacy if a grocer sells their pur

admin2011-02-11  49
问题   People do not have secret trolleys at the supermarket, so how can it be a violation of their privacy if a grocer sells their purchasing habits to a marketing firm? If they walk around in public view, what harm can cameras recording their movements cause? A company is paying them to do a job, so why should it not read their e-mails when they are at work?
  How, what and why, indeed. Yet, in all these situations, most people feel a sense of unease. The technology for gathering, storing, manipulating and sharing information has become part of the scenery, but there is little guidance on how to resolve the conflicts created by all the personal data now washing around.
  A group of computer scientists at Stanford University, led by John. Mitchell, has started to address the problem in a novel way. Instead of relying on rigid (and easily programmable) codes of what is and is not acceptable, Dr. Mitchell and his colleagues Adam Barth and Anupam Datta have turned to a philosophical theory called contextual integrity. This theory acknowledges that people do not require complete privacy. They will happily share information with others as long as certain social norms are met. Only when these norms are contravened--for example, when your psychiatrist tells the personnel department all about your consultation--has your privacy been invaded. The team think contextual integrity can be used to express the conventions and laws surrounding privacy in the formal vernacular of a computer language.
  Contextual integrity, which was developed by Helen Nissenbaum of New York University, relies on four classes of variable. These are the context of a flow of information, the capacities in which the individuals sending and receiving the information are acting, the types of information involved, and what she calls the "principle of transmission".
  It is the fourth of these variables that describes the basis on which information flows. Someone might, for example, receive information under the terms of a commercial exchange, or because he deserves it, or because someone chose to share it with him, or because it came to him as a legal right, or because he promised to keep it secret. These are all examples of transmission principles.
  Dr. Nissenbaum has been working with Mr. Barth to turn these wordy descriptions of the variables of contextual integrity into formal expressions that can be incorporated into computer programs. The tool Mr. Barth is employing to effect this transition is linear temporal logic, a system of mathematical logic that can express detailed constraints on the past and the future.
  Linear temporal logic is an established discipline. It is, for example, used to test safety critical systems, such as aeroplane flight controls. The main difference between computer programs based on linear temporal logic and those using other sorts of programming language is that the former describe how the world ought to be, whereas the latter list specific instructions for the computer to carry out in order to achieve a particular end. The former say something like: "If you need milk, you ought eventually to arrive at the shop. "The latter might say: "Check the refrigerator. If there is no milk, get in your car. Start driving. Turn left at the corner. Park. Walk into the shop."
  Dr. Mitchell and his team have already written logical formulae that they believe express a number of American privacy laws, including those covering health care, financial institutions and children’s activities online. The principles of transmission can be expressed in logical terms by using concepts such as "previously" and "eventually" as a type of mathematical operator. (They are thus acting as the equivalents of the "plus", "minus", " multiply" and "divide" signs in that more familiar system of logic known as arithmetic.) For example, the Gramm-Leaeh-Bliley act states that "a financial institution may not disclose personal information, unless such financial institution provides or has provided to the consumer a notice. "This is expressed as:
  IF send (financial-institution, third-party, personal-information)
  THEN PREVIOUSLY send (financial-institution, consumer, notification)
  OR EVENTUALLY send (financial-institution, consumer, notification)
  According to Dr. Nissenbaum, applying contextual integrity to questions of privacy not only results in better handling of those questions, but also helps to pinpoint why new methods of gathering information provoke indignation. In a world where the ability to handle data is rapidly outpacing agreement about how that ability should be used, this alone is surely reason to study it.  
The theory of contextual integrity
选项 A、denies people’s legal rights to require complete privacy.
B、maintains that people of integrity do not require complete privacy.
C、helps to protect people’s privacy from being invaded.
D、is applied to turn descriptions of privacy issues into a computer language.
答案D
解析 细节题。文章在第三段指出，米特歇尔博士小组认为应用语境完整性理论，通过一种用正规计算机语言可以实现表达社会惯例和法律条文来解决信息计算技术可能对个人隐私的侵扰问题(The team think contextual integrity can be used to… in the formal vernacular of a computer language)，故[D]为答案。第三段在解释语境完整性理论时谈到：This theory acknowledges that people do not require complete privacy． They will happily share information with others as long as certain social norms are met．这并不意味着该理论否认了人们拥有百分百个人隐私的法律权利，故排除[A] 同理，[B]指出正直的人(people of integrity)不需要百分百隐私，故排除。此干扰项同时混淆了integrity在选项中及其在文章中的意思(contextual integrity)。需要指出的是，此理论旨在实现用计算机语言表达社会惯例和法律条文，以期作为解释系统解决隐私争端问题，不意味着该理论本身就可以帮助保护人们隐私不受侵犯，故排除[C]  
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