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  3. One of the earliest changes experienced by newly modernizing countries is the reduction of infectious disease the diffusion of p

One of the earliest changes experienced by newly modernizing countries is the reduction of infectious disease the diffusion of p

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问题     One of the earliest changes experienced by newly modernizing countries is the reduction of infectious disease the diffusion of public health technology. Public health technology lowers the death rate, especially among infants and children causing rapid population growth. Since most of the people of less developed nations live in rural areas that can not absorb the increased population, unemployment presses people off the land. They tend to migrate into urban areas where newly developing industry and commerce and modem consumer goods and services offer hope for employment and a better life.Unfortunately, the opportunities are more apparent than real; and often the transition is more painful than pleasant.
    In the course of transition from agrarian life to modem urban living, the family undergoes major changes in function, structure, relations, and style. Functionally, the family changes from a production unit to a consumption unit. No longer is there need for a large multi-worker household to operate the family’s farm interests, and the extended-family household changes to the one containing only a core nuclear family. In the city children become economic liabilities rather than economic assets, and eventually families have fewer of them. Wives lose their function as producers and maintainers of the labor force and become free to pursue extra-household activities.
    The modern economy forces work outside the home away from kinsfolk. Not only the father hut also the mother is forced into the marketplace or factory to obtain enough money for the family to survive in a pecuniary economy. Without the extended-family household, no one remains at home to supervise children, so they are left on their own. They may be sent into the streets to earn money. Daily life becomes filled with more secondary than primary relations. There is an erosion of family control over individual members.
    Scarce urban housing forces overwhelming in both dwelling and neighborhood. Dense structures with common halls, stairways, and utilities cause more intensive contact with neighbors than in rural villages. Loss of rural country-yards, even rooms, and large family areas drives group activities such as cooking, eating, and sitting into small rooms or city streets. More positively, household furnishings change as families are able to acquire the high status accoutrements (配备)of modern living such as kerosene burners for cooking (replacing dung cakes ) and beds ( instead of mats).
By "wives lose their functions as producers and maintainers of the labor force", the author means that______.
选项 A、many women are no longer able to join the labor force
B、many women become too weak to work
C、many women refuse to have children
D、the major job for women is no longer to give birth to and bring up children
答案D
解析 此题为语义题。这句话的表面意思是，“妻子们便不再是劳力的制造者和维持者”。实际上这里是指进入城市后妻子们生儿育女的传统工作已经不再如此突出了，她们可以更多地进入外面的世界。
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大学英语四级

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