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  3. Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or d

Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or d

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问题     Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universal sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies(or friends)in the absence of language.
    Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions.(43)The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
    Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also—work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles("feedback")are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression influence that person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: "The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. " On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions. Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?
    Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons(humorous drawings of people or situations)as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
    Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a " stiff" lip suppresses emotional response — as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
The author mentions "Baring the teeth in a hostile way" in order to______.
选项 A、differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of it
B、support Darwin’s theory of evolution
C、contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions
D、provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood
答案D
解析 推理题。文章第一段介绍的主旨在在于说明某些表情只有普适的意义，例如微笑被普遍视为友好和赞同的意思，相反，“带着敌意咬牙”则被普遍视为愤怒的表达，文章接下来的两段也正是在说明某些表情的普遍意义。由此可知D选项(提供一个面部表情具有普遍意义的例子)正确。
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