首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or d
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or d
admin
2017-05-11
49
问题
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universal sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies(or friends)in the absence of language.
Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions.(43)
The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses.
Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also—work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles("feedback")are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression influence that person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: "The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. " On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions. Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons(humorous drawings of people or situations)as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a " stiff" lip suppresses emotional response — as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
The author mentions "Baring the teeth in a hostile way" in order to______.
选项
A、differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of it
B、support Darwin’s theory of evolution
C、contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions
D、provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood
答案
D
解析
推理题。文章第一段介绍的主旨在在于说明某些表情只有普适的意义,例如微笑被普遍视为友好和赞同的意思,相反,“带着敌意咬牙”则被普遍视为愤怒的表达,文章接下来的两段也正是在说明某些表情的普遍意义。由此可知D选项(提供一个面部表情具有普遍意义的例子)正确。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/FCFO777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Welisteneddumb-struck,fullof____,totheshockingdetailsofthecorruptionofthepresidentofthecompany.
Whatsmallbusinessesneedtolearnfromlargercompetitorsishowdevelopingadynamiclearningenvironment_____innovation,st
Thereisnodenyingthatstudentsshouldlearnsomethingabouthowcomputerswork,justasweexpectthematleasttounderstand
Themostconvincingevidencefortheimportanceofadultinfluenceonachild’sintelligencecomesfromastudyof"atrisk"chil
Amajorreasonforconflictintheanimalworldisterritory.Themaleanimalestablishesanarea.Thesizeoftheareaissuffi
AWorldWithoutBooksOrMusicIfbookshadneverbeendiscovered,manwouldhavefoundsomeotherwayofrecordinghiscomm
Onanaverageofsixtimesaday,adoctorinHollandpractices"active"euthanasiaintentionallyadministeringalethaldrugto
TheforeignministerwouldrevealnothingabouthisrecenttouroftheMiddleEastbeyondwhathadalreadybeenannouncedatthe
Thekidsarehangingout.Theyarenotoldenoughforjobs.Noraretheyrichenoughforcamp.Theyareschoolchildrenwithout
Healthyguiltisawarningsignalthateithersomethingdangerousisabouttohappenorsomethinghasalreadyhappenedthatneed
随机试题
A.黄连阿胶汤B.朱砂安神丸C.两者均是D.两者均非(1996年第115,116题)不寐,急躁易怒,日赤口苦,口渴喜饮,小思饮食,溲干便黄,脉弦数者,应选用()
女,30岁。在颈丛麻醉下施行了甲状腺腺瘤切除术,手术顺利。该病人返回病房后应采用的卧位是
以下关于苦参的描述,错误的是()。
根据有关法律规定,招标代理服务收费方式是()
乌尔泰投资股份有限公司(以下简称“乌尔泰公司”)持有哈尔克公司60%的股权,能够对哈尔克公司实施控制。2×21年7月6日乌尔泰公司对哈尔克公司的长期股权投资的账面价值为6000万元,当日未存有计提的长期股权投资减值准备,乌尔泰公司将其持有的对哈尔克公司长
班级管理的本质在于()。
艺术通过它的艺术质料反映现实的真实,是一种多棱镜。绘画、音乐、雕塑、语言艺术的目的就是反映人类经验的真实,把确实从经验中感受到的东西表达出来,真确地传达出来,是一种长久的,几乎是无穷无尽的努力。它通过高水平的读者的鉴赏来检验,通过艺术批评家来总结规律和发现
德国人卡尔.奔驰研制的第一台以汽油为动力的汽车于1886年获得专利,从此汽油汽车______,燃烧汽油作为动力也似乎成为________的事,然而世界经济论坛评出的“2008年科技先驱”,却赫然将细菌“开动”小汽车列人其中。我们是否正在_______汽油汽
下列行为中,属于单方行为的是()
为考生文件夹下SCREEN文件夹中的PENCEL.BAT文件建立名为BAT的快捷方式,存放在考生文件夹下。
最新回复
(
0
)