首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Different Types of Learning I. The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B.【T1】
Different Types of Learning I. The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B.【T1】
admin
2018-05-24
64
问题
Different Types of Learning
I. The definition of learning
A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events
B.【T1】______ of subject’s changing behavior【T1】______
C. A process of recognizing how【T2】______【T2】______
II. Two basic stages of learning
A【T3】______: gradual process with trial and error【T3】______
B. Maintenance: acting on the new information【T4】______【T4】______
III. Four types of learning
A Instrumental or【T5】______【T5】______
— The common one in dog training
— Behavior produces event
which can be a(n)【T6】______ or negative experience【T6】______
— Dogs【T7】______ when rewarded by the experience【T7】______
— Humans get burned when touching a hot stove
— Events/consequences change the behavior
B. Classical/respondent【T8】______【T8】______
— Learning that things go together
— Dogs begin【T9】______ when hearing the bell rings【T9】______
— The first form of learning is【T10】______【T10】______
— For humans, it’s likely to rain when it’s cloudy
C.【T11】______ learning【T11】______
— Also called single event learning
— Events are【T12】______【T12】______
— Dogs won’t perk up ears when hearing an irrelevant noise
— People get【T13】______ to noises【T13】______
D. Social learning
— As a result of being in social groups
— Chimpanzees learning how to【T14】______ by watching【T14】______
— People learn from others
— Frequently occurs in a situation of【T15】______ or being dynamic【T15】______
【T15】
Different Types of Learning
Good morning, everybody. Today, I’m going to talk about learning.
Let’s start with the definition of learning. Then what is learning? We define learning as a process where a living being experiences certain relationships between events and is able to recognize an association between events, and as a consequence the subject’s behavior changes because of that experience. Or, more simply, 1earning is the process of recognizing how a living being’s actions change its environment, other beings’ actions, etc. All living things can learn, even goldfish!
There are two basic stages of learning: acquisition and maintenance. When an individual is first learning something, this is called the acquisition stage. This stage of learning is not all or none: rather, it is usually gradual. You may have heard someone use the phrase "trial and error." Once armed with new information, an individual will act on the new information when it is appropriate. This is known as the maintenance stage. Learning begins to plateau during the maintenance stage.
Learning is done in four types: Instrumental learning, which is more commonly known as operant conditioning, classical conditioning, non-associative learning, and social learning.
Operant conditioning is a form that may be very familiar to you if you have ever trained a dog. The majority of learning is some form of operant conditioning. The simplest way to explain this type of learning is that behavior produces events. An event can be a rewarding experience or a negative experience. As a result of such events the behavior changes. A dog learns that his behavior has consequences and that he can control what happens to him by behaving in certain ways, or refraining from behaving in those ways. If your dog raids the garbage, he is rewarded by this experience by getting tidbits of food, and is more likely to repeat the behavior. Human beings are also products of this learning. We learn from a young age that if we touch a hot stove, we’ll get burned. If we put on a raincoat, we’ll stay dry. This form of learning is characterized by Thorndike’s Law of Effect The law states that if the consequence is pleasant the preceding behavior becomes more frequent, whereas if the consequence is unpleasant, the behavior will diminish and in some cases become extinct.
Classical conditioning is another form of learning that is increasing in popularity. This type of learning results from learning that certain things go together. This learning was demonstrated by the Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. In an investigative experiment, Pavlov was able to demonstrate in dogs that salivation could be started by non-food stimuli such as bells, buzzers, and tones. In his experiments, he was able to show that dogs will salivate when they anticipate food. Thus he created an unrelated stimulus, such as a bell, moments before giving the dog food. Soon the dogs learned that when the bell rings, food is on its way, and thus they began salivating. Humans also learn through classical conditioning. For example, we know that if it is cloudy, that rain is a possibility. Or when something is burning on the stove, the fire alarm may go off. This type of learning is called classical conditioning because it was the first form of learning demonstrated experimentally. It is also sometimes called respondent conditioning, because the first step in changing a behavior due to this type of learning, require involuntary or reflexive behaviors.
Non-associative learning is one of the most basic forms of learning. It is also called single event learning. This type of learning involves learning that some events are unrelated and irrelevant. For example, if a dog hears a noise, he may respond by perking up his ears. This response is called an orienting response. If the noise is something which has no relevance to the dog, the dog will not respond when it hears this noise: however, the dog must first learn which noises are or are not relevant. This is known as habituation. One example of this might happen when you move to a house that is on a busy street. The first night you may have trouble sleeping due to your increased awareness of the sounds. Over the next few days you will become habituated to these noises, and soon you won’t even notice they are there. Non-associative learning is learning that there are not always significant associations between events.
Social learning is a form of learning that occurs as a result of being in social groups. In most animals, this type of learning is only responsible for a small amount of behavior change. This type of learning is most prevalent in animal forms similar to humans. Chimpanzees do a great deal of social learning amongst their social group. Chimps will learn how to use tools by watching older members of the group manipulating those same tools. Humans are also extremely adept at social learning. We learn from others how things are done. Social learning occurs most frequently in a situation where there is some sort of social hierarchy or dynamic.
To sum up briefly, today we’ve discussed the definition of learning, the two stages involved in the process of learning and the four types of learning. So now you must have a clear idea of what learning is. I hope you’ve enjoyed this lecture.
选项
答案
social hierarchy
解析
讲座的最后提到社交学习最经常发生在存在着某种社会阶层的场合,故应填入social hierarchy。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/FCoK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
HowtoWriteaBookReviewI.ThedefinitionofabookreviewA.adescriptiveandcriticalorevaluativeaccountofabookB.a
HowtoWriteaBookReviewI.ThedefinitionofabookreviewA.adescriptiveandcriticalorevaluativeaccountofabookB.a
HowtoWriteaBookReviewI.ThedefinitionofabookreviewA.adescriptiveandcriticalorevaluativeaccountofabookB.a
HowtoWriteaBookReviewI.ThedefinitionofabookreviewA.adescriptiveandcriticalorevaluativeaccountofabookB.a
HowtoWriteaBookReviewI.ThedefinitionofabookreviewA.adescriptiveandcriticalorevaluativeaccountofabookB.a
HowtoWriteaBookReviewI.ThedefinitionofabookreviewA.adescriptiveandcriticalorevaluativeaccountofabookB.a
HowtoWriteaBookReviewI.ThedefinitionofabookreviewA.adescriptiveandcriticalorevaluativeaccountofabookB.a
A、Becauseitseffectmaylingerforalmost10hours.B、Becauseitdisturbsthewaypeoplefeelindaytime.C、Becauseitaccelera
随机试题
异种金属焊接时,熔合比越小越好的原因是为了()。
男性,30岁。腹泻2天,黏液便,每日十余次,伴腹痛及里急后重感。查体:体温38.5℃,血压110/75mmHg。粪便常规:外观为黄色黏液便,镜检红细胞2~4/HP,白细胞15~20/HP。最可能的诊断是( )。
A.24周B.28周C.32周D.35周E.38周羊水内肺表面活性物质出现的时间是
燃烧生成的气体不包括()
会计电算化的发展过程主要分为()等阶段。
根据资产定义,下列各项中,不属于资产特征的是()
我国甲公司欲与日本乙公司签订销售合同进口空调机到中国,拟采取海运方式,乙公司承担将货物运至指定目的地的运费并支付保险,根据《INCOTERMS2000》,应采用的贸易术语是()
根据下列资料回答题。2007年该地农村居民人均纯收入4985元,比上年增长14.1%,扣除物价上涨因素后,实际增长8.4%。其中,工资性收入1951元,增长16.7%;经营性收入2701元,增长12.1%;财产性收入144元,增长13.1%;转移
拉丁美洲独立战争之前,在政府中只能充当下级官吏的是()。
在CuteFTP站点管理器中删除专业站点文件夹下名为“删除”的FTF’站点。
最新回复
(
0
)