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  3. When social scientists use the term culture they tend to be talking about a less restrictive concept than that implied in everyd

When social scientists use the term culture they tend to be talking about a less restrictive concept than that implied in everyd

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问题     When social scientists use the term culture they tend to be talking about a less restrictive concept than that implied in everyday speech. In social science, culture is all that in human society which is socially rather than biologically transmitted, whereas the commonsense usage tends to【C1】______ only to the arts. Culture is thus a general term for the symbolic and learned aspects of human society, although some animal behaviourists now【C2】______ that certain primates (灵长类动物) have at least the capacity for culture.
    Social anthropological ideas of culture are based to a great【C3】______ on the definition given by Edward Tylor in 1871, in which he referred to a learned complex of knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, and custom. This definition implies that culture and civilization are one and the same. But this equation, although possible in English and French usage, runs【C4】______ to the German distinction between Kultur and Zivilisation, the former referring to symbols and values, while the latter deals with the organization of society. Archaeological usage, though【C5】______ the wholeness of human societies, makes a distinction between material culture and practices and beliefs, the non-material or adaptive culture transmitted by teaching and tradition. Only material culture is【C6】______ to archaeology, whereas adaptive culture is the subject of history, sociology, and anthropology.
    For nineteenth century anthropologists, such as Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan, culture was a conscious creation of human rationality. Civilization and culture, in this conception, showed a progressive tendency towards what were regarded as higher moral values, and this enabled the Victorian mind to construct a【C7】______ of cultures or civilizations which provided a rationale for colonial activities by apparently higher-order Western civilizations.
    In America, it is sometimes argued that the concept of culture can provide ways of explaining and understanding human behaviour, belief systems, values, and【C8】______ , as well as particular culturally specific personality types.
    In cultural anthropology, analysis of culture may proceed at three levels: learned patterns of behaviour; aspects of culture that act below conscious levels (such as the deep level of grammar and【C9】______ in language, of which a native language speaker is seldom aware); and patterns of thought and 【C10】______ , which are also culturally determined.
   A. ideologies         I. extent
   B. perception         J. counter
   C. hierarchy          K. dissipate
   D. junk               L. acknowledging
   E. grandeur           M. teeming
   F. point              N. accessible
   G. syntax             O. assert
   H. forfeit
【C8】
选项
答案A
解析 ideologies名词，意为“意识形态”。本句的意思是在美国，人们有时认为对文化的概念能够提供解释和理解人类行为、信仰体系、价值观及意识形态的方法。
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