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  3. Do women tend to devalue(贬低)the worth of their work? Do they apply different standards to rewarding their own work more critical

Do women tend to devalue(贬低)the worth of their work? Do they apply different standards to rewarding their own work more critical

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问题     Do women tend to devalue(贬低)the worth of their work? Do they apply different standards to rewarding their own work more critically than they do to rewarding the work of others? These were the questions asked by Michigan State University psychologists Lawrence Messe and Charlene Callahan-Levy. Past experiments had shown that when women were asked to decide how much to pay themselves and other people for the same job, they paid themselves less. Following up on this finding, Messe and Callahan-Levy designed experiments to lest several popular explanations of why women tend to get less in pay situations.
    One theory the psychologists tested was that women judge their own work more harshly than that of others. The subjects for the experiment testing this theory were men and women from the Michigan State undergraduate student body. The job the subjects were asked to perform for pay was an opinion questionnaire(调查表)requiring a number of short essays on campus-related issues. After completing the questionnaire, some subjects were given six dollars in bills and change and were asked to decide payment for themselves. Others were given the same amount and were asked to decide payment for another subject who had also completed the questionnaire.
    The psychologists found that, as in earlier experiments, the women paid themselves less than the men paid themselves. They also found that the women paid themselves less than they paid other women and less than the men paid the women. The differences were substantial. The average paid to women by themselves was $2.97. The average paid to men by themselves was $4.06. The average paid to women by others was $ 4.37. In spite of the differences, the psychologists found that the men and the women in the experiment evaluated their own performances on the questionnaire about equally and better than the expected performances of others.
    On the basis of these findings, Messe and Callahan Levy concluded that women’s attachment of a comparatively low monetary value to their work cannot be based entirely on their judgment of their own ability.
The work of Messe and Callahan Levy tends to support which of the following notions?
选项 A、Women are generally less concerned with financial rewards for their work than men are.
B、Men are willing to pay women more than women are willing to pay themselves.
C、Payment for work should generally be directly related to the quality of the work.
D、Women judge their own work more critically than they judge the work of men.
答案D
解析 本题为事实细节题，提问的是Messe等二人的研究倾向于支持下列哪种观点。文章第二段开头提及这些心理学家要验证的一个事实：Women judge their own work more harshly(苛刻地)than that of others．整个第三段对这一假设从事实上给予了验证。实验结果显示，女性给予自己的报酬比给其他女性的报酬低，也低于男性给予女性的报酬，这正是心理学家在本次实验中要证实的，即女性评价自己的工作时更为苛刻。由此得出选项D)是正确答案。
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