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  3. The Person’s Achievement Is Mostly Decided by the Day After Tomorrow Develop Rather Than Inborn Heredity

The Person’s Achievement Is Mostly Decided by the Day After Tomorrow Develop Rather Than Inborn Heredity

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问题      The Person’s Achievement Is Mostly Decided by the Day After Tomorrow Develop
                    Rather Than Inborn Heredity
    If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.
    What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.
    Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in "none of the above". Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. "With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20," Ericsson recalls. "He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers."
    This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person " encodes " the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
    Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion, the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers— whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made, not born.
Ericsson and his colleagues believe that______.
选项 A、talent is a dominating factor for professional success
B、biographical data provide the key to excellent performance
C、the role of talent tends to be overlooked
D、high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture
答案D
解析 事实细节题。末段最后一句对埃里克森及其同事的研究结论进行了总结：那些技艺精湛的从业者，他们几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生的。D“取得突出成就的人将他们的成功归功于后天的培养”正是对该部分内容的归纳概括，故为答案。本段主要讲述Ericsson and his colleagues的实验及其结果。第一句介绍了埃里克森开始对多个领域里的佼佼者进行研究。第二句介绍了埃里克森及其同事为了研究广泛地搜集数据。第三、四句总结了研究结果：人的出色表现主要取决于后天培养而不是先天遗传。这也是文章的主旨句。末段第三句指出“我们高估了平时称之为天赋的那些特征”。这说明埃里克森认为天赋不是成功的决定性因素，A、C与此矛盾，均排除。此处应注意overlook(忽视)与文中的overrate(估价过高)意思相反。第二句虽然提到了“个人生活细节内容”，但并未说明其与成功的关系，B是对该部分内容的曲解。
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