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  3. In the whole history of western thought, there is only one man of whom it can be said that all philosophy after him was differen

In the whole history of western thought, there is only one man of whom it can be said that all philosophy after him was differen

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问题    In the whole history of western thought, there is only one man of whom it can be said that all philosophy after him was different because of him. That man is Rene Descartes (1596-1650), the great French mathematician, physicist, physiologist, and philosopher who flourished during the first part of the seventeenth century. 【F1】The most influential of his many writings were Meditations, in which he posed the fundamental question that was to haunt all subsequent thinkers to this very day. Like all profound questions, it is deceptively simple in appearance: Is there anything of which I can be certain?
   To be sure, philosophers had before Descartes asked, What can we know? They had even asked, What can we know with certainty? But Descartes asked, What can I know with certainty? And therein lies a revolution in thought. All of us proceed from day to day accepting all manner of propositions which we could not prove if challenged. I believe that the earth is a sphere, that matter is composed of atoms, etc. 【F2】I don’t imagine I could do a very good job of proving all these beliefs to someone who really doubted them, but I take it for granted that someone could—a physicist or biologist or geographer. 【F3】Suppose now, just as an exercise, that I put a little "doubtful" tag on every one of my beliefs which I can’t absolutely prove with perfect certainty. Suppose, in other words, that I clear away the superstructure of my everyday beliefs and get down to real base. What do I find? What do all these beliefs rest on? This is what Descartes sets out to do in the First Meditation. It doesn’t seem a terribly risky or exciting task, but as we follow Descartes, we begin to get more and more nervous. 【F4】Slowly at first and then faster and faster, he shows us that every one of our comfortable, familiar beliefs has to be put in the "doubtful" pile. As we dig for base, we find only shifting sand. Our whole world of beliefs seems to rest on nothing at all.
   In the Second Meditation, Descartes discovers his solid base, his immovable point:"I think." Doubt what you will, you cannot doubt that. And so long as I think, I who think must exist. Here at last we have found our certainty. 【F5】The absolute ground of all knowledge has been located, not in God, not in Nature, not in the wisdom of the ancients, but in the sheer existence of myself.
【F1】
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答案他最具影响力的作品是《沉思录》，在这本书中，他提出了一个至今为止让所有思想家都在思考的基本问题。
解析 ①本句是复合句，包含两个定语从句。主干是主系表结构，说明他最具影响力的作品是什么。②in which引导的定语从句1修饰前面的Meditations，说明他是在这本书中提出了基本问题。③定语从句1中还包含另一个定语从句，由that引导，修饰先行词the fundamental question，先行词在从句中作主语，说明这个基本问题引起后来众多思想家思考。
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