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  3. Rare Fossil Record The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rare occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate s

Rare Fossil Record The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rare occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate s

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问题     Rare Fossil Record
    The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rare occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers (食腐动物) weathering before they can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs (鱼龙) had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.
    The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales(页岩) deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.
    Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.
    Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.
All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization except the______.
选项 A、speed of burying
B、conditions of the water
C、rate at which soft tissues decay
D、cause of death of the animal
答案D
解析 第一段中间部分提到了their fossilization required a suite of factors：软组织的腐烂速度缓慢；很少被其他动物残食；缺少混杂、冲走小骨头的快速水流和波浪；以及相当快地被掩埋。因此只有D选项，也就是动物的死因没有被提及。
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