首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately
admin
2015-06-27
24
问题
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately, errors frequently occur, and we are not talking about simple carelessness as occurs when two numbers are incorrectly added, nor do we mean errors resulting from simple forgetfulness. Rather, we have in mind errors of a logic nature — those resulting from faulty reasoning. Now, or at least soon, computers will be capable of error-free logical reasoning in a variety of areas. The key to avoiding errors is to use a computer program that relies on the last two decades research in the field of automated theorem proving. AURA (Automated Reasoning Assistant) is the program that best exemplifies this use of the computer.
AURA solves a problem by drawing conclusions from a given set of facts about the problem. Program does not learn, nor is it self-analytical, but it reaches logical conclusions flawlessly. It used various types of reasoning and, more important, has access to very powerful and sophisticated logical strategies. AURA seldom relies on brute force to find solutions. Instead it solves almost all problems by using sophisticated techniques to find a contradiction. One generally starts with a set of assumptions and adds a statement that the goal is unreachable. For example, if the problem is to test a safety system that automatically shuts down a nuclear reactor when instruments indicate a problem, AURA is told that the system will not shut the reactor down under those circumstances. If AURA finds a contradiction between the statement and the system’s design assumptions, then this aspect of the reactor’s design has been proved satisfactory. This strategy, known as the set of support strategy, lets AURA concentrate on the problem at hand and avoid the many fruitless steps required to explore the entire theory underlying the problem. Almost never does the program proceed by carrying out an exhaustive search.
The chief use for AURA at this time is for electronic circuit design validation, but a number of other uses will arise. For example, there already exist "expert systems" that include a component for reasoning. An expert system is a special purpose program designed to automate reasoning in a specific area such as medical diagnosis. These expert programs, unlike human experts, do not die. Such systems continue to improve and have an indefinite life span. Moreover, they can be replicated for pennies. A human who can expertly predict where to drill for oil is in great demand. A program that can predict equally well would be invaluable and could be duplicated any number of times.
Will the computer replace the human being? Certainly not. It seems likely that computer programs will reproduce — that is, design more clever computer programs and more efficient, more useful components. Reasoning programs will also analyze their own progress, learn from their attempts to solve a problem, and redirect their attack on a problem. Such programs will assist, rather than replace, humans. Their impact will be felt in design, manufacturing, law, medicine, and other areas. Reasoning assistants will enable human minds to turn to deeper and far more complex ideas. These ideas will be partially formulated and then checked for reasoning flaws by a reasoning program. Many errors will be avoided.
The primary purpose of AURA is to
选项
A、function as a safety mechanism in nuclear reactors.
B、detect contradictions and other faults in computer programs.
C、develop expert human programs for technical fields.
D、check human reasoning for possible errors.
答案
D
解析
文章第一段最后两句提到要想不出逻辑推理方面的错误,关键在于使用一种计算机程序,AURA(自动推理助手)就是计算机在这方面应用的最好例子。由此可知,AURA主要用于检查人们的逻辑推理错误,故答案为[D]。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/FmXK777K
0
专业英语四级
相关试题推荐
Whatarethetwospeakersmainlydiscussing?
Howoftendoesapersondreameachnight?
Thewomanwantstogotothemoviesbecause
Thewomanwantstogotothemoviesbecause
Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
Nancywassurprisedthattheyhave______.Theyseemedtobeahappycouple.
Studentdemonstratorsdemanded______.
Lessthanayearago,anewgenerationofdietpillsseemedtoofferthelong-soughtanswertoourchronicweightproblems.Hund
Inatelephonesurveyofmorethan2,000adults,21%saidtheybelievedthesunrevolvedaroundtheearth.An【C1】______7%did
随机试题
A.脾胃虚寒,胃中无火B.脾胃虚寒,胃气上逆C.邪气干扰,胃虚失和D.胃气上逆,失于和降E.饮食停滞,浊气上逆呕吐的病机主要是
下列对影像增强器电子透镜的解释,错误的是
男,30岁。牙床肿大近半年加重。检查可见:全口牙龈肿大,上前牙龈明显,质硬,触出血,袋深3~5mm,增生龈覆盖1/2牙冠,龈缘有菌斑。X线片示牙槽骨无吸收。有服环孢素史。临床诊断为药物性牙龈增生。该病在基础治疗后应采取的手术方法是
慢性肾衰竭水负荷过重所致心力衰竭,最佳治疗措施是
19世纪中叶起,沿海一带的上海、广州等城市近代房地产业产生并迅速发展,但这些都是以()的私有制为基础。
建设工程质量是指建设工程满足相关标准规定和()的过程。
高等级路面一般由()构成。
计算机种类繁多,按照“传统的分类”,可以将计算机分为()。
Seldom______hiswifepunishesherchildrenforspeakingouttheirownideasfreely.
Despitethebrouhaha(骚动)overstolene-mailsfromtheUniversityofEastAnglia,thescienceofclimatechangeiswellenoughest
最新回复
(
0
)