首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Scientists Worry Machines May Outsmart Man A robot that can open doors and find electrical outlets to recharge itself. Compu
Scientists Worry Machines May Outsmart Man A robot that can open doors and find electrical outlets to recharge itself. Compu
admin
2013-06-02
76
问题
Scientists Worry Machines May Outsmart Man
A robot that can open doors and find electrical outlets to recharge itself. Computer viruses that no one can stop. "Predator" fighters, which, though still controlled remotely by humans, come close to a machine that can kill autonomously.
Impressed and alarmed by advances in artificial intelligence, a group of computer scientists is debating whether there should be limits on research that might lead to loss of human control over computer-based systems that carry a growing share of society’s workload, from waging war to chatting with customers on the phone.
Their concern is that further advances could create profound social disruptions and even have dangerous consequences.
As examples, the scientists pointed to a number of technologies as diverse as experimental medical systems that interact with patients to simulate sympathy, and computer worms and viruses that defy extermination (消灭) and could thus be said to have reached a "cockroach" stage of ma chine intelligence.
While the computer scientists agreed that we are a long way from Hal, the computer that took over the spaceship in "2001: A Space Odyssey," they said there was legitimate concern that technological progress would transform the work force by destroying a widening range of jobs, as well as force humans to learn to live with machines that increasingly copy human behaviors.
The researchers—leading computer scientists, artificial intelligence researchers and roboticists who met at the Asilomar Conference Grounds on Monterey Bay in California—generally dismissed the possibility of highly centralized superintelligences and the idea that intelligence might spring spontaneously from the Internet. But they agreed that robots that can kill autonomously are either already here or will be soon.
They focused particular attention on the specter that criminals could exploit artificial intelligence systems as soon as they were developed. What could a criminal do with a speech synthesis system that could disguise as a human being? What happens if artificial intelligence technology is used to mine personal information from smart phones?
The researchers also discussed possible threats to human jobs, like self-driving cars, software based personal assistants and service robots in the home. Just last month, a service robot developed by Willow Garage in Silicon Valley proved it could navigate the real world.
A report from the conference, which took place in private on Feb.25, is to be issued later this year. Some attendees discussed the meeting for the first time with other scientists this month and in interviews.
The conference was organized by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (A.A.A.I.), and in choosing Asilomar for the discussions, the group purposefully evoked a landmark event (里程碑式事件) in the history of science. In 1975, the world’s leading biologists also met at Asilomar to discuss the new ability to reshape life by swapping genetic material among organisms. Concerned about possible biohazards and ethical questions, scientists had halted certain experiments. The conference led to guidelines for recombinant DNA research, enabling experimentation to continue.
The meeting on the future of artificial intelligence was organized by Eric Horvitz, a Microsoft researcher who is now president of the association.
Dr. Horvitz said he believed computer scientists must respond to the notions of superintelligent machines and artificial intelligence systems run amok (横行).
The idea of an "intelligence explosion" in which smart machines would design even more intelligent machines was proposed by the mathematician I.J.Good in 1965. Later, in lectures and science fiction novels, the computer scientist Vernor Vinge popularized the notion of a moment when humans will create smarter-than-human machines, causing such rapid change that the "human era will be ended." He called this shift the Singularity.
This vision, embraced in movies and literature, is seen as plausible and unnerving by some scientists like William Joy, co-founder of Sun Microsystems. Other technologists, notably Raymond Kurzweil, have welcome the coming of ultrasmart machines, saying they will offer huge advances in life extension and wealth creation.
"Something new has taken place in the past five to eight years," Dr. Horvitz said. "Technologists are providing almost religious visions, and their ideas are resonating in some ways with the same idea of the Rapture."
The Kurzweil version of technological utopia has captured imaginations in Silicon Valley. This summer an organization called the Singularity University began offering courses to prepare a "cadre" to shape the advances and help society cope with the complications.
"My sense was that sooner or later we would have to make some sort of statement or assessment, given the rising voice of the technorati and people very concerned about the rise of intelligent machines," Dr. Horvitz said.
The A.A.A.I. report will try to assess the possibility of "the loss of human control of computer-based intelligences." It will also grapplez (抓住), Dr. Horvitz said, with socioeconomic, legal and ethical issues, as well as probable changes in human-computer relationships. How would it be, for example, to relate to a machine that is as intelligent as your spouse?
Dr. Horvitz said the panel was looking for ways to guide research so that technology im proved society rather than moved it toward a technological catastrophe. Some research might, for instance, be conducted in a high-security laboratory.
The meeting on artificial intelligence could be vital to the future of the field. Paul Berg, who was the organizer of the 1975 Asilomar meeting and received a Nobel Prize for chemistry, in 1980, said it was important for scientific communities to engage the public before alarm and op position becomes unshakable.
"If you wait too long and the sides become entrenched like with G.M.O.," he said, referring to genetically modified foods, "then it is very difficult. It’s too complex, anti people talk right past each other."
Toni Mitchell, a professor of artificial intelligence and machine learning at Carnegie Mellon University, said the February meeting had changed his thinking. "I am very. optimistic about the future of A.I. and thinking that Bill Joy and Ray Kurzweil were far off in their predictions," he said. But, he added, "The meeting made me want to be more outspoken about these issues and in particular be outspoken about the vast amounts of data collected about our personal lives."
Despite his concerns, Dr. Horvitz said he was hopeful that artificial intelligence research would benefit humans, and perhaps even compensate for human failings. He recently demonstrated a voice-based system that he designed to ask patients about their symptoms and to respond with sympathy. When a mother said her child was having diarrhea, the face on the screen said, "Oh no, sorry to hear that."
A physician told him afterward that it was wonderful that the system responded to human emotion. "That’s a great idea," Dr. Horvitz said he was told. "I have no time for that."
Who used the term Singularity to refer to the era when human beings are replaced?
选项
A、A mathematician.
B、A computer scientist.
C、A science-fiction writer.
D、A computer entrepreneur.
答案
B
解析
原文该句中的He指的是该段提到the computer scientist Vernor Vinge,本题应选B。注意选项A提到的数学学家提出的是intelligence explosion。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/GH67777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
MostcomputerusershavesymptomsofCVSbecauseof______.Peoplewithsocialanxietydisorderhavea______ofbeingwatched
Foralltheirgreatdiversityofshapesandsizes,glacierscanbedividedintotwoessentialtypes:valleyglaciers,whichflow
A、Becauseshewantstopracticeherself.B、BemuseshewantstoworkwiththeprofessorfromHarvard.C、Becauseshehastosuppor
Pakistan’searthquakekilledmorethan70,000peopleandleftanother3.5millionhomeless.Almost10,000schoolsweredamagedo
A、Aboutthechildren’saction.B、Aboutsocialmanners.C、Aboutpublicinfluence.D、Aboutthechangesoftheenvironment.BW:Thi
Youhavesomeadslingeringinyourmindbecauseyouareexposedtotoomanytimesofthem.The3Mtagline"Innovation"iscons
Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage?Interpersonalconflictintheworkplaceis______.
A、TakingapictureofProf.Brown.B、Commentingonanoil-painting.C、HostingaTVprogram.D、Stagingaperformance.CW:Well,t
Scientistshavecomeupwithatheoryforwhytimeflieswhenyonarehavingfunanddragswhenyouarebored.Scanshavesh
EversincethemodemOlympicGamesbeganin1896,they’vehadtheircritics.Everyformof【B1】______activityinvitestrouble.Bu
随机试题
使“文化大革命”的错误理论和实践合法化的会议是________。
A.宫缩乏力B.脐带脱垂C.软产道损伤D.胎盘早剥E.忽略性肩先露初产妇,孕40周,规律腹痛3小时入院,宫缩持续40~45秒,间歇3~4分钟,第一产程进展顺利,宫口开全2小时,宫缩持续20~25秒,间歇5~6分钟
室内地面与室外出入口地坪的高差大于10m的地下汽车库,应采用()楼梯间。
对于该样品,下列叙述正确的选项是:该睡衣的原产地应为:
计量市场风险的主要指标,银行采用内部模型计算市场风险资本要求的主要依据是()。
下列不属于封建社会教育特征的是()。
下列句子排序中最恰当的一项是()。①一个国家也必须有精神高地,便于人们登高眺望。②洼地与高地的形成,都有赖于机会平等的体制建设。③如果相应的机会被垄断,不曾寻求与权力对接的平常人,就只能望价值高地而兴叹,见精神洼地而沉溺,他就既不会拥有财富,
舞蹈学院的张教授批评本市芭蕾舞团最近的演出没能充分表现古典芭蕾舞的特色。他的同事林教授认为这一批评是个人偏见。作为芭蕾舞技巧专家林教授考察过芭蕾舞团的表演者,结论是每一位表演者都拥有足够的技巧和才能来表现古典芭蕾舞的特色。以下哪项最为恰当地概括了林
A.条件(1)充分,但条件(2)不充分。B.条件(2)充分,但条件(1)不充分。C.条件(1)和条件(2)单独都不充分,但条件(1)和条件(2)联合起来充分。D.条件(1)充分,条件(2)也充分。E.条件(1)和条件(2)单独都不充分,条件(1)和
荷物が重いので、タクハイビンで送ります。
最新回复
(
0
)