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  3. Smoking, inhalation and exhalation of the fumes of burning tobacco. Leaves of the tobacco plant are smoked in various ways. Afte

Smoking, inhalation and exhalation of the fumes of burning tobacco. Leaves of the tobacco plant are smoked in various ways. Afte

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问题    Smoking, inhalation and exhalation of the fumes of burning tobacco. Leaves of the tobacco plant are smoked in various ways. After a drying and curing process, they may be rolled into cigars or shredded for insertion into smoking pipes. Cigarettes, the most popular method of smoking, consist of finely shredded tobacco rolled in lightweight paper. About 50 million people in the United States currently smoke an estimated total of 570 billion cigarettes each year. But, is smoking a good habit?
   1. Increased risk of cancer
   Some experts noticed that lung cancer, which was rare before the 20th century, had increased dramatically since about 1930, The American Cancer Society and other organizations initiated studies comparing deaths among smokers and nonsmokers over a period of several years.
   2. More deaths from other diseases
   Smokers also run greater risk of dying from diseases apart from cancers.
   3. Cigar and pipe smoke, as dangerous
   Cigar and pipe smoke contains the same toxic and carcinogenic compounds found in cigarette smoke.
   4. The effect of environmental tobacco smoke
   Recent research has focused on the effects of environmental tobacco smoke(ETS), that is, the effect of tobacco smoke on nonsmokers who must share the same environment with a smoker.
   5. Addiction at an early age
   The smoking habit and addiction to nicotine usually begins at an early age. This has led to particular concern over smoking in teenagers and young adults.
   There is no need to kill innocent human beings. Restricting tobacco use may be the only answer to a healthy world. Tobacco is harmful not only to us, but to the people in surrounding areas. Tobacco use has been passed on from generation to generation. It is now time to put a ban on smoking. With the help of thousands of people, smoking can be controlled. Now it is the time to start a tobacco battle. Smoking needs to become extinct worldwide.
   [A]A report by the National Cancer Institute concluded that the mortality rates from cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx, pharynx, and esophagus are approximately equal in users of cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. Rates of coronary heart disease, lung cancer, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis are elevated for cigar and pipe smokers and are correlated to the amount of smoking and the degree of inhalation.
   [B]In the United States, more than 70 percent of adults began smoking before the age of 18. From the early to mid-1990s the proportion of teenage smokers in the United States rose from one-quarter to one third, despite increasing warnings about the health hazards of smoking and widespread bans on smoking in public places. In 2001 surveys of students in grades 9 through 12 found that more than 38 percent of male students and nearly 30 percent of female students smoke. Although black teenagers have the lowest smoking rates of any racial group, cigarette smoking among black teens increased 80 percent in the late 1990s.
   [C]It is estimated that cigarettes are responsible for about 431, 000 deaths in the United States each year. Lung cancer accounts for about 30 percent of all cancer deaths in the United States, and smoking accounts for nearly 90 percent of lung cancer deaths. The risks of dying from lung cancer are 23 times higher for male smokers and 13 times higher for female smokers than nonsmokers. Additionally, smokers are at increased risk for cancer of the larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas.
   [D]Research has shown that mothers who smoke give birth more frequently to premature or underweight babies, probably because of a decrease in blood flow to the placenta.
   [E]The United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)estimates that exposure to the environment that contains all the toxic agents exhaled by a smoker, causes 3, 000 cancer deaths and an estimated 40, 000 deaths from heart disease per year in nonsmokers. Secondhand smoke can aggravate asthma, pneumonia , bronchitis, and impaired blood circulation.
   [F]Smoking causes a fivefold increase in the risk of dying from chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and a twofold increase in deaths from diseases of the heart and coronary arteries. Smoking also increases the risk of stroke by 50 percent—40 percent among men and 60 percent among women.
选项
答案C
解析 本段论述的要点是吸烟增加了得癌症的风险。C项指出近90％的肺癌死亡病例是由吸烟引起的，男性吸烟者和女性吸烟者死于肺癌的风险分别比非吸烟者高23倍和13倍。此外．吸烟者也更可能患其他癌症。这些都说明吸烟者比不吸烟者患癌症的风险要大。C项所说明的问题与本段要点一致，为正确选项。
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