首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
(1)Do you ever feel as though you spend all your time in meetings? (2)Henry Mintzberg, in his book The Nature of Managerial
(1)Do you ever feel as though you spend all your time in meetings? (2)Henry Mintzberg, in his book The Nature of Managerial
admin
2019-05-24
68
问题
(1)Do you ever feel as though you spend all your time in meetings?
(2)Henry Mintzberg, in his book The Nature of Managerial Work, found that in large organizations managers spent 22 per cent of their time at their desk, 6 per cent on the telephone, 3 per cent on other activities, but a whopping 69 per cent in meetings.
(3)There is a widely-held but mistaken belief that meetings are for "solving problems" and "making decisions." For a start, the number of people attending a meeting tends to be inversely proportional to their collective ability to reach conclusions and make decisions. And these are the least important elements.
(4)Instead hours are devoted to side issues, playing elaborate games with one another. It seems, therefore, that meetings serve some purpose other than just making decisions.
(5)All meetings have one thing in common: role-playing. The most formal role is that of chairman. He sets the agenda, and a good chairman will keep the meeting running on time and to the point. Sadly, the other, informal, role-players are often able to gain the upper hand. Chief is the "constant talker", who just loves to hear his or her own voice.
(6)Then there are the "can’t do" types who want to maintain the status quo. Since they have often been in the organization for a long time, they frequently quote historical experience as an excuse to block change: "It won’t work, we tried that last year and it was a disaster." A more subtle version of the "can’t do" type, the "yes, but...," has emerged recently. They have learnt about the need to sound positive, but they still can’t bear to have things change.
(7)Another whole sub-set of characters are people who love meetings and want them to continue until 5:30 pm or beyond. Irrelevant issues are their speciality. They need to call or attend meetings, either to avoid work, or to justify their lack of performance, or simply because they do not have enough to do.
(8)Then there are the "counter-dependents", those who usually disagree with everything that is said, particularly if it comes from the chairman or through consensus from the group. These people need to fight authority in whatever form.
(9)Meetings can also provide attenders with a sense of identification of their status and power. In this case, managers arrange meetings as a means of communicating to others the boundaries of their exclusive club: who is "in", and who is not.
(10)Because so many meetings end in confusion and without a decision, another game is played at the end of meetings, called reaching a false consensus. Since it is important for the chairman to appear successful in problem-solving and making a decision, the group reaches a false consensus. Everyone is happy, having spent their time productively. The reality is that the decision is so ambiguous that it is never acted upon, or, if it is, there is continuing conflict, for which another meeting is necessary.
(11)In the end, meetings provide the opportunity for social intercourse, to engage in battle in front of our bosses, to avoid unpleasant or unsatisfying work, to highlight our social status and identity. They are, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological sideshow. Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating, if not preventing, change.
What does "these" in the last sentence of the third paragraph refer to?
选项
答案
To solve problems and make decisions.
解析
第3段开头就说,“一种普遍但错误的观点认为,开会的目的是解决问题、做出决策”,然后作者用For astart和And分别引出两个论据:开会人数与集体的决策能力成反比;“这些”是最不重要的因素。因此,这里的“这些”指“错误观点”所认可的会议目的:解决问题、做出决策,故答案可表述为To solve problems and makedecisions。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/GZEK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Aknowledgeofseverallanguagesisessentialtoothermajors’studybecausewithoutthemonecanreadbooksonlyintranslation
Atradegroupforliquorretailersputoutapressreleasewithanalarmingheadline;"MillionsofKidsBuyInternetAlcohol,
TheAmericanmedicalschoolisnowwellalonginthesecondcenturyofitshistory.Itbegan,butformanyyearscontinuedto【S1
Humansarethoughttoberesponsibleforalargenumberofenvironmentalproblems,rangingfromglobalwarmingtoozonedepleti
Humansarethoughttoberesponsibleforalargenumberofenvironmentalproblems,rangingfromglobalwarmingtoozonedepleti
Thefollowingtwoexcerptsareaboutwhetherpeopleshoulduseprivatecars.Fromtheexcerpts,youcanfindthatpeopleholden
PASSAGEONEWhat’stheauthor’spurposeofwritingthisarticle?
HowtoBuildYourVocabularyEffectivelyVocabularyisthefoundationoflearningalanguage.Withoutit,noneoftheskillscou
HowtoBuildYourVocabularyEffectivelyVocabularyisthefoundationoflearningalanguage.Withoutit,noneoftheskillscou
随机试题
使酶活性提高的物质称为酶的激活剂。()
商业银行等金融机构设计市场风险限额体系时应综合考虑的因素包括()。Ⅰ.压力测试结果Ⅱ.业务经营部门的过往业绩Ⅲ.外部市场的发展变化情况Ⅳ.工作人员的专业水平和经验
A.峰电位B.阈电位C.负后电位D.局部电位可兴奋细胞受刺激后,首先可出现
治疗疱疹性口炎的常用药物是
某鞋厂仓库保管员,女性,38岁,办公室设在仓库内,近年来常感头痛、头昏、乏力、失眠、记忆力减退、易感冒、月经过多、牙龈出血,皮下有紫癜而入院。该患者可能接触的毒物是
在世界银行贷款项目周期中,以世界银行为主进行工作的阶段有()。
从能量互相转换的观点来看,液压泵是将带动它工作的电动机输入的机械能转换成流动油液的()。
EPON和.APON的主要区别是:在EPON中,根据IEEE802.3以太网协议,传送的是可变长度的数据包,最长可为1518个字节;在APON中,根据ATM协议的规定,传送的是包含48个字节净负荷和5字节信头的53字节固定长度信元。()
计算机在运行程序时,提示内存不足,可以用()的方式来解决。
Iwasparkedinfrontofthemallwipingoffmycar.Comingmywayfromacrosstheparkinglotwas【C1】______societywouldconsid
最新回复
(
0
)