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  3. Harlem Renaissance(文艺复兴)—A Brief Introduction Important Features 1. Harlem Renaissance (HR) is the name given to the per

Harlem Renaissance(文艺复兴)—A Brief Introduction Important Features 1. Harlem Renaissance (HR) is the name given to the per

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问题                         Harlem Renaissance(文艺复兴)—A Brief Introduction
    Important Features
    1. Harlem Renaissance (HR) is the name given to the period from the end of World War I and through the middle of the 1930s Depression, during which a group of talented African - American writers produced a sizable body of literature in the four prominent genres of poetry, fiction, drama, and essay.
    2. The notion of "twoness" , a divided awareness of one’s identity, was introduced by W. E.B. Du Bois, one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the author of the influential book The Souls of Black Folks (1903): "One ever feels his twoness—an American, a Negro; two souls two thoughts, two unreconciled stirrings: two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder."
     3. Common themes: alienation, marginality, the use of folk material, the use of the blues tradition, the problems of writing for an elite audience.
     4. HR was more than just a literary movement: it included racial consciousness, "the back to Africa" movement led by Marcus Garvey, racial integration, the explosion of music particularly jazz, spirituals and blues, painting, dramatic revues, and others.
                          A Chronology of Important Events and Publications
   1919
    - 369th Regiment marched up Fifth Avenue to Harlem, February 17.
    - First Pan-African Congress organized by W. E. B. Du Bois, Paris, February.
    - Race riots in Washington, D.C., Chicago, Charleston, Knoxville, Omaha, and elsewhere, June to September.
    - Race Relations Commission founded, September.
    - Benjamin Brawley published The Negro in Literature and Art in the United States.
    1920
    - Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Convention held at Madison Square Garden, August.
    - Charles Gilpin starred in Eugene O’Neill, The Emperor Jones, November.
    - James Weldon Johnson, first black officer (secretary) of NAACP appointed.
    - Claude McKay published Spring in New Hampshire.
    - Du Bois’s Darkwater is published.
   1921
    - Marcus Garvey founded African Orthodox Church, September.
    - Second Pan-African Congress.
    - Colored Players Guild of New York founded.
    - Benjamin Brawley published Social History of the American Negro.
   1922
    - First Anti -Lynching legislation approved by House of Representatives.
    - Publications of The Book of American Negro Poetry edited by James Weldon Johnson; Claude McKay, Harlem
Shadows.
   1923
    - Claude McKay spoke at the Fourth Congress of the Third International in Moscow, June,
    - Marcus Garvey arrested for mail fraud and sentenced to five years in prison.
    - Third Pan-African Congress.
   1924
    - Civic Club Dinner, bringing black writers and white publishers together, March 21. This event is considered the for- real launching of the New Negro movement.
   1925
    - American Negro Labor Congress held in Chicago, October.
   1927
    - Marcus Garvey deported.
    - Louis Armstrong in Chicago and Duke Ellington in New York began their careers.
    - Publications of Hughes, Fine Clothes to the Jew.
   1928
    - Publications of Wallace Thurman, Harlem: A Forum of Negro Life; Du Bois, The Dark Princess.
   1929
    - Negro Experimental Theatre founded, February; Negro Art Theatre founded, June.
    - Wallace Thurman’s play Harlem, opens at the Apollo Theater on Broadway and becomes hugely successful.
    - Black Thursday, October 29, Stock Exchange crash.
    - Publications of Claude McKay, Banjo; Wallace Thurman, The Blacker the Berry.
   1930
    - The Green Pastures (musical), with an all- black cast, opened on Broadway, February 26.
    - Black Muslims opened Islam Temple in Detroit.
    - Publications of Charles S. Johnson, The Negro in American Civilization: A Study of Negro Life and Race Relations; James Weldon Johnson. Black Manhattan; Langston Hughes, Not Without Laughter.
   1931
    - Scottsboro trial, April through July.
    - Publications of Arna Bontemps, God Sends Sunday; Jessie Fauset, The Chinaberry Tree; Langston Hughes, Dear Lovely Death, The Negro Mother, Not Without Laughter; Vernon Loggins, The Negro Author: His Development in America to 1900.
    1932
    - Twenty young black intellectuals travel to Russia to make a movie, Black and White, June.
    - Mass defection of blacks from the Republican party began.
    - Publications of Sterling Brown, Southern Road; Hughes, The Dream Keeper; Claude McKay, Ginger Town; Schuyler, Slaves Today; Thurman, Infants of the Spring.
    1933
    - National Negro Business League ceased operations after 33 years.
    - Publications of Jessie Fauset, Comedy, American Style; James Weldon Johnson, Along This Way; McKay, Banana Bottom.
    1934
     - Rudolph Fisher and Wallace Thurman die within four days of each other, December 22 and 26.
     - W. E. B. Du Bois resigns from NAACP.
     - Apollo Theatre opened.
     - Publications of Hughes, The Ways of White Folks; James Weldon Johnson, Negro Americans: What Now?
    1935
     - Harlem Race Riot, March 19.
     - Porgy and Bess, with an all- black cast, opens on Broadway, October 10.
     - Mulatto by Langston Hughes, first full -length play by a black writer, opens on Broadway, October 25.
     - 50 percent of Harlem’s families unemployed.
     1937 Publications of McKay, Long Way From Home; Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God.
     1939 Publication of Hurston, Moses: Man of the Mountain.
     1940 Publications of Hughes The Big Sea; McKay, Harlem: Negro Metropolis.
     Notes:
     1. 369th Regiment
    The first black soldiers to arrive in Europe were those of the 369th Regiment from New York. The regiment quickly built up a reputation as excellent soldiers and were nicknamed the Hell Fighters by the German Army. The 369th were the first Allied regiment to break through the German lines to reach the Rhine. During 191 days of fighting, the regiment did not have a man captured; nor did it lose an inch of ground by retreating. When they came back home, they were warmly welcomed and their march through the Fifth Avenue has been seen by many historians and critics as the beginning of Harlem Renaissance.
   2. Scottsboro trial
    A trial on an alleged gang rape of two white girls by nine black teenagers on a Southern Railroad freight run on March 25, 1931. Though large amount of evidence testify the innocence of the nine black youths. The jury still delivered a verdict of guilty. The story of the Scottsboro Boys is one of the most shameful examples of injustice in the history of United States.
In 1940 Hughes published______.
选项
答案The Big Sea
解析 从最后一句可知休斯在1940年出版了The Big Sea。
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